Exam 1

Question 1

muscular dystrophy

Answer 1

mutations in the genes for the various components of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex are a prominent cause

Question 2

duchenne muscular dystrophy

Answer 2

dystrophin protein is absent from muscle - it is X linked and usually fatal by the age of 30 (resp failure)

Question 3

Becker muscular dystrophy

Answer 3

less serious form of muscular dystrophy, dystrophin is present but altered or reduced in amount

Question 4

limb-girdle muscular dystrophies

Answer 4

associated with mutations of the genes coding for the sarcoglycans or other components of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex

Question 5

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Answer 5

neuro-degenerative disease that results in progressive loss of the ability to control voluntary movement, however, without appropriate neural tone muscles atrophy and become sclerotic (stiff/fibrous)

Question 6

How are graded contractions produced?

Answer 6

by progressively increasing the number of motor units recruited

Question 7

The force of muscle graded contraction depends on what 4 factors?

Answer 7

1. number of fibers
2. size of fibers
3. frequency of stimulation
4. muscle length

Question 8

isotonic muscle contraction

Answer 8

tension develops and remains constant while muscle shortens

Question 9

isometric muscle contraction

Answer 9

tension developed is not sufficient to shorten muscle, tension is maintained but no change in muscle length occurs

Question 10

What is active tension of a muscle?

Answer 10

difference between total and passive tension; aka the tension generated by muscle contraction

Question 11

response to alpha 1 in eye - radial (dilator) muscle

Answer 11

contraction - mydriasis

Question 12

response to alpha 1 in the arterioles (skin, viscera)

Answer 12

contraction: increase TPR, increase diastolic pressure, increase afterload

Question 13

response to alpha 1 in the veins

Answer 13

contraction: increase venous return, increase preload

Question 14

response to alpha 1 in the bladder trigone and sphincter

Answer 14

contraction: urinary retention

Question 15

response to alpha 1 in the male sex organ

Answer 15

vas deferens: ejaculation

Question 16

response to alpha 1 in the liver

Answer 16

increase glycogenolysis

Question 17

response to alpha 1 in the kidney

Answer 17

decrease renin release

Question 18

response to alpha 2 in prejunctional nerve terminal

Answer 18

decrease transmitter release and NE synthesis

Question 19

response to alpha 2 in platelets

Answer 19

aggregation

Question 20

response to alpha 2 in pancreas

Answer 20

decrease insulin secretion

Question 21

response to beta 1 in SA node of heart

Answer 21

increase heart rate (positive chronotropy)

Question 22

response to beta 1 in AV node of heart

Answer 22

increase conduction velocity (positive dromotropy)

Question 23

response to beta 1 in atrial and ventricular muscle

Answer 23

increase force of contraction (positive iontropy), conduction velocity, cardiac output, and oxygen consumption

Question 24

response to beta 1 in His - Purkinje of heart

Answer 24

increase automaticity and conduction velocity

Question 25

response to beta 1 in kidney

Answer 25

increase renin release

Question 26

response to beta 2 in all blood vessels

Answer 26

vasodilation: decrease TPR, decrease diastolic BP, decrease afterload

Question 27

response to beta 2 in uterus

Answer 27

relaxation

Question 28

response to beta 2 in bronchioles

Answer 28

dilation

Question 29

response to beta 2 in skeletal muscle

Answer 29

glycogenolysis - contractility (Tremor)

Question 30

response to beta 2 in liver

Answer 30

glycogenolysis

Question 31

response to beta 2 in pancreas

Answer 31

insulin secretion

Question 32

response to D1 (peripheral) in renal tissue, mesenteric tissue, and coronary vasculature

Answer 32

vasodilation in kidney - increase glomerular filtration rate, increase renal blood flow, increase Na excretion (due to vasodilation)

Question 33

response to M3 in sphincter of eye

Answer 33

contraction - miosis

Question 34

response to M3 in ciliary muscle of eye

Answer 34

contraction - accommodation for near vision

Question 35

response to M2 in SA node of heart

Answer 35

decreased heart rate - negative chronotropy

Question 36

response to M2 in AV node of heart

Answer 36

decrease conduction velocity - negative dromotropy

Question 37

effect of M2 on the ventricles and purkinje system of the heart

Answer 37

There isn't one!

Question 38

response to M3 of bronchioles

Answer 38

contraction - bronchospasm

Question 39

response to M3 of glands in the lung

Answer 39

secretion --> narrow lumen (resistance of air flow is high)

Question 40

response to M3 in stomach

Answer 40

increased motility, cramps

Question 41

response to M1 in glands of GI tract

Answer 41

secretion

Question 42

response to M3 in intestine

Answer 42

contraction - diarrhea, involuntary defacation

Question 43

response to M3 in bladder

Answer 43

contraction (Detrusor), relaxation (trigone/sphincter), voiding, urinary incontinence

Question 44

response to M3 in sphincters

Answer 44

relaxation, except lower esophageal sphincter which contracts

Question 45

response to M3 in glands

Answer 45

secretion - sweat (thermoregulatory), salivation and lacrimation

Question 46

response to M3 in blood vessels (endothelium)

Answer 46

dilation (endothelium derived relaxing factor) - no innervation, no effects of indirect agonists

Question 47

response to M2 in atrial muscle

Answer 47

decrease atrial contraction

Question 48

response to M2 in ventricular muscle

Answer 48

decrease ventricular contraction (weak effect)

Question 49

response to Nn in adrenal medulla

Answer 49

secretion of epinephrine and NE

Question 50

response to Nn in autonomic ganglia

Answer 50

stimulation - net effects dependent on PANS/SANS innervation and dominance

Question 51

response to Nm in neuromuscular junction

Answer 51

stimulation - twitch/hyperactivity of skeletal muscle