Exam 1

Question 1

approximately how long has there been life

Answer 1

3.8 billion years

Question 2

how old is the planet

Answer 2

4.6 or roughly 5 billion years old

Question 3

how long have humans been on earth in the clock metaphor

Answer 3

1 second to midnight

Question 4

what do many modern microorganisms require

Answer 4

oxygen

Question 5

why are cyanobacteria not algae

Answer 5

they do not have a nucleus, used to be called blue green algae

Question 6

what is anoxygenic photosynthesis

Answer 6

photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen

Question 7

what is the normal photosynthesis that we all know called

Answer 7

oxygenic photosynthesis- oxygen is produced

Question 8

what is a rough definition for evolution

Answer 8

physical changed based on the environment

Question 9

which domain is archaea most like

Answer 9

eukarya, even though one has a nucleus and the other does not

Question 10

how are things classified in a kingdom setup

Answer 10

morphologically

Question 11

how are things classified in a domain setup

Answer 11

phylogentic relationships (nucleic acids)

Question 12

what were the first things to inhabit the planet

Answer 12

bacteria

Question 13

what is one of the biggest disasters to ever happen to the planet

Answer 13

the oxygenation of it, most life was anoxic so the oxygen killed them off but allowed for other life to proliferate

Question 14

what caused the oxigenatiton of the planet

Answer 14

cyanobacteria

Question 15

what are microorganisms in brief

Answer 15

something very small not able to be seen by the naked eye

Question 16

what are the 5 kingdoms

Answer 16

monera, fungi, protista, animalia, plantae

Question 17

what kingdoms can microorganisms come from

Answer 17

monera, fungi, protista, and animalia (4 of the 5 kingdoms)

Question 18

who discovered archaea

Answer 18

carl woese (1970)

Question 19

how did carl woese discover archaea

Answer 19

prokaryotes in yellow stone parks octopus spring had no nucleus but was more evolutionarily similar tto eukaryotc organisms

Question 20

what is the newest domain

Answer 20

archaea

Question 21

what is the stem between bacteria and archaea called

Answer 21

nuclear line (not in reference to possessing nucleus)

Question 22

whats the formal definition of microbiology

Answer 22

the study of microscopic life forms: microorganisms or microbes. The study of the basic and applied aspects of microorganisms

Question 23

how long ago did eukaryotes arise

Answer 23

about 2 billion years ago

Question 24

what percentage of the atmosphere is oxygen currently

Answer 24

about 20%

Question 25

why is it debatable if viruses are alive or not

Answer 25

they are acellular, and life is defined by possessing cells

Question 26

what is the only field of biology that studies viruses

Answer 26

microbiology

Question 27

what are 3 ways to break down what one studies within microbiology

Answer 27

organisms studied, general area of application, specific process studied

Question 28

what are some examples of organisms studied in microbiology

Answer 28

bacteriology, protozoology, phycology, virology

Question 29

what are some examples of areas of application in microbiology

Answer 29

environmental, aquatic, agricultural, industrial, pathogenic, biotechnology

Question 30

what are some specific processes studied in microbiology

Answer 30

anatomy, systematics, morphology, genetics, ecology, physiology

Question 31

what is a prokaryote in a metaphorical definition

Answer 31

little bags of biochemistry

Question 32

what are some reasons to study microbiology

Answer 32

biological processes, origins of life, nutrient cycling

Question 33

are microorganisms more negative or positive

Answer 33

many more positive than negative

Question 34

how did microorganisms revolutionize insulin

Answer 34

human gene into e coli then extract, no genetic variance

Question 35

what is a disease

Answer 35

disruption of normal body function

Question 36

what are the basics of cell theory

Answer 36

living is composed of cells, cells smallest units of life, cells arise from preexisting cells, all cells derived from 1st ever cell

Question 37

what are the basics of life

Answer 37

complex cellular structure, nucleic acids for genetic storage material, development, reproduction, respond to environmental stimuli, evolve over time

Question 38

why are viruses not alive

Answer 38

they are not cellular

Question 39

what is the famous quote of louis pasteur

Answer 39

the microbes will have the last word

Question 40

why was the study of microbiology developed so late

Answer 40

needed microscopes to be invented first to see at a microscopic level

Question 41

who coined the term cell

Answer 41

Hooke

Question 42

who created the microscopes that allowed for the discovery of microorganisms

Answer 42

leevwenhoek (textile merchant)

Question 43

what magnification was leevenhoek able to get to

Answer 43

400x

Question 44

what is the theoretical max for any microscope today

Answer 44

1500-2000x

Question 45

who is the father of microbiology

Answer 45

pasteur (french chemist)

Question 46

who disproved spontaneous generation

Answer 46

pasteur

Question 47

what was cohn notable for in microbiology

Answer 47

culture techniques, heat fixing

Question 48

who created the germ theory of disease

Answer 48

pasteur and koch

Question 49

what is germ theory

Answer 49

microorganisms can cause disease

Question 50

who is the father of medical microbiology

Answer 50

koch

Question 51

what must one do before they state what causes a disease

Answer 51

satisfy all of koch's postulates

Question 52

what brought about the antibiotic era

Answer 52

the creation of penicilin

Question 53

who created penicilin

Answer 53

fleming

Question 54

who is responsible for the first vaccination and what was it for

Answer 54

jenner for smallpox

Question 55

what is meant by the golden age of microbiology

Answer 55

where the foundation if microbiology was established

Question 56

what is a bacteriophage

Answer 56

a virus

Question 57

what is a chemotherapeutic

Answer 57

a chemical agent used to treat a disease

Question 58

what is the difference between a chemotherapeutic and an antibiotic

Answer 58

antibiotics are derived from natural things such as penicilin being derived from a fungi, chemotherapeutics are fully synthetic and lab created

Question 59

how old is microbiology as a science

Answer 59

around 150 years old

Question 60

when is the golden age of microbiology

Answer 60

1860-1920

Question 61

what was pasteurs work in before microbiology

Answer 61

wine fermentation

Question 62

what is the basic way pasteur disproved spontaneous generation

Answer 62

broth in conical flask, bend the neck of the stem into swan neck. bacteria get trapped in the curvature but its still open to the environment

Question 63

what is pasteurization

Answer 63

using heat to kill bacteria to keep foods from spoiling so quickly

Question 64

who made foundation for aseptic technique

Answer 64

pasteur

Question 65

what were the main findings of koch

Answer 65

petri plates as solid media, kocks postulates, causative agent for tuberculosis, helped establish germ theory, how to make pure cultures

Question 66

how does one make a pure culture

Answer 66

dilution series: will eventually reach one microorganism then let it multiply on solid media (petri plate usage)