Exam 1

Question 1

Anisocytosis

Answer 1

RBC size variation

Question 2

Reticulocytes

Answer 2

RBC precursors w/o nucleus

Question 3

Formula for Corrected Reticulocyte Percentage (CRP)

Answer 3

Retic % x (patient’s HCT / “normal” HCT)

Question 4

Absolute Reticulocyte Count

Answer 4

Retic % x RBC count = retics/ uL

Question 5

Echinocytes

Answer 5

RBCs with spikes all over coming out of it. Snake bites can cause this

Question 6

Schistocytes

Answer 6

Shearing injury in RBC - DIC, IMHA

Question 7

Spherocytes

Answer 7

RBC shaped like a sphere, no longer bi-concave disk. Primary rule-out IMHA

Question 8

Elliptocytes

Answer 8

Oval RBCs. Common in camelids, hereditary in dogs

Question 9

Characteristics of Mycoplasma

Answer 9

Epicellular
Often seen in chains
No cell wall
Present in virtually all species

Question 10

How long does it take from rubriblast to mature erythrocyte?

Answer 10

3-5 days

Question 11

What is HIF-1a? What does it do?

Answer 11

Hypoxia inducible factor
Degraded in the presence of O2
When not degraded stimulated peritubular fibroblasts to produce erythropoietin

Question 12

What color tube for coagulation tests?

Answer 12

Blue top

3.2% sodium citrate

Question 13

What color top for chemistry, serology, immunology?

Answer 13

Red top
Gold top
Tiger top
(w or w/o clot activator)

Question 14

What color tube for hematology?

Answer 14

Lavender or pink top

Potassium EDTA

Question 15

What components of CBC are measured directly? Calculated?

Answer 15

Measured directly: RBC count, [Hgb]

Calculated: Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW

Question 16

Difference between PCV and HCT?

Answer 16

PCV: Determined by centrifuging blood in a small tube
HCT: calculated by automated analyzers

Question 17

What is Hgb concentration when compared to Hct?

Answer 17

~ 1/3

Question 18

Primary cause for Microcytosis?

Answer 18

Iron deficiency

Question 19

True of False:

Horses have reticulocyte.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

Characteristics of Anaplasma

Answer 20

Round/oval basophilic structures in ruminant erythrocytes

Question 21

Cytauzoon

Answer 21

Intracellular
Seen only in cats
Typically fatal

Question 22

Which dog breed is over-represented for babesiosis?

Answer 22

Pit Bulls

Question 23

Hemoproteus

Answer 23

Intracellular
Asymptomatic in raptors
Can cause sudden death in non-indigenous species

Question 24

Two kinds of microfilaria seen in feathered edge of dog blood smears?

Answer 24

Dirofilaria immitus and Acanthofilaria

Question 25

Three indicators of appropriate bone marrow response to anemia:

Answer 25

Increased reticulocyte count Increased polychromasia Increased erythropoiesis in BM

Question 26

Clinical signs of anemia:

Answer 26

``` pale mucous membranes lethargy open mouth breathing hemorrhage hematuria hemoglobinuria hemoglobinemia (icterus) ```

Question 27

3 major categories of anemia

Answer 27

Hemorrhage (regenerative) Hemolysis (regenerative) Decreased production (nonregenerative)

Question 28

3 ways to "classify the anemia"

Answer 28

Using RBC indices (MCV, MCHC) Using reticulocyte count (regenerative vs. non-regenerative) By general mechanism (hemorrhage, hemolysis, production problem)

Question 29

Normocytic, Normochromic

Answer 29

``` Early blood loss/hemolysis (preregenerative) DDx: 1. kidney disease 2. chronic inflammation 3. marrow occupying lesion ```

Question 30

Microcytic, Hypochromic

Answer 30

Caused my iron deficiency DDx: chronic blood loss dietary iron deficiency

Question 31

True or False: | Asian breed dogs generally have microcytic RBCs.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Macrocytic, Hypochromic

Answer 32

Marrow responding to hemolysis/hemorrhage | Combined w/ reticulocytosis = REGENERATIVE ANEMIA

Question 33

Which test is the best indicator of bone marrow response to anemia?

Answer 33

Absolute Reticulocyte Counts

Question 34

Absolute retic count > RI =

Answer 34

REGENERATIVE anemia

Question 35

Absolute retic count WRI =

Answer 35

NONREGENERATIVE anemia

Question 36

Heinz Body Anemia | Due to what?

Answer 36

Indicative of oxidative damage. 1. removal by splenic macrophages 2. lysing in capillaries

Question 37

IMHA Primary vs. Secondary:

Answer 37

Primary: self-reactive T and B cells and autoAb specific for antigen on RBC Secondary: immune complexes that non-specifically adsorb to the RBC surface

Question 38

What does the Coombs Test do?

Answer 38

Detects immune complexes attached to RBC membranes | *Useful only in anemic animals

Question 39

4 reasons why an IMHA + patient might have a - Coombs

Answer 39

1. Autoantibody below detectable limits 2. Transfused RBCs diluted patient's antibody coated RBCs 3. Prozone effect (excess antibody w/o dilution) 4. Corticosteroid treatment

Question 40

Neonatal Isoerythrolysis (NI)

Answer 40

Mare creates antibodies to foal RBCs

Question 41

3 most important canine blood types

Answer 41

1.1, 1.2, 7 | Dog Erythrocyte Antigen (DEA)

Question 42

What is unique about feline blood types?

Answer 42

Cats make antibodies to every blood group that is not their own.

Question 43

What is Fading Kitten Syndrome?

Answer 43

Type B queen with Type A kittens

Question 44

What is the most common cause of relative (mild to moderate) erythrocytosis?

Answer 44

Dehydration

Question 45

What can cause absolute erythrocytosis?

Answer 45

Increased EPO | Independent of EPO (rare)