exam 1

Question 1

yellow foam in urine

Answer 1

bilirubin present

Question 2

urinalysis done within

Answer 2

1 hour (30 min is ideal)

Question 3

urine changes at room temp

Answer 3

increase: ph, bacteria, turbidity
decrease: glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen

Question 4

glucose false positive

Answer 4

strong oxidizing agents (bleach), peroxides

Question 5

glucose false negative

Answer 5

ascorbic acid (reducing agent), high ketone levels, improperly stored urine (bc glycolysis)

Question 6

white foam in urine

Answer 6

protein present

Question 7

what bilirubin is found in urine?

Answer 7

CONJUGATED only

Question 8

false negative for ketones

Answer 8

improper storage (volatilization, bacterial breakdown)

Question 9

specific gravity range

Answer 9

1.002-1.035

Question 10

urine contaminated with ascorbic acid results

Answer 10

false NEGATIVES for:
glucose
bilirubin
blood
nitrite

also interferes with clinitest & causes false positive reactions

Question 11

what will cause urinalysis false negatives for glucose, nitrites, bilirubin, and blood?

Answer 11

ascorbic acid contamination (will also cause clinitest false positive)

Question 12

urine contaminated with bleach

Answer 12

false positive: glucose, blood

false negative: leukocyte

Question 13

acidic PH urine

Answer 13

acidosis, high protein diet, starvation, dehydration, diarrhea

1st morning void

Question 14

alkaline urine

Answer 14

alkalosis, UTI, vegetarian diet, vomiting, chronic renal failure

Question 15

squamous epithelial cells

Answer 15

• most common type of epithelial cell found in urine
• originates in superficial lining of urethra & vagina
• increased numbers may indicate poor collection technique
• low power objective

Question 16

transitional epithelial cells

Answer 16

• originates in lining of renal pelvis, ureters, BLADDER, upper urethra
• increased numbers –> UTI
• high power objective
• abundant cytoplasm (nucleus to cytoplasm ratio ~1.5)

Question 17

renal tubular epithelial cells

Answer 17

• originate in lining of renal tubules
• increased numbers –> tubular necrosis
• round & slightly larger than WBC

Question 18

oval fat bodies

Answer 18

• RTE w/ absorbed fat
• maltese cross
• indicate pathology

Question 19

casts

Answer 19

• only formed in kidney tubules
• enumerate using lpf
• identify using hpf
• waxy oldest

Question 20

Clinically significant crystals are found where?

Answer 20

acid urine

Question 21

normal acid pH crystals

Answer 21

amorphous urates, uric acid, calcium oxalate

Question 22

normal alkaline pH crystals

Answer 22

amorphous phosphates, triple phosphate, ammonium biurate (“thorny apple” that indicates old urine)

Question 23

acute glomerulonephritis

Answer 23

decreased urine volume, proteinuria, hematuria, RBC & RBC casts

Question 24

nephrotic syndrome

Answer 24

severe proteinuria, lipiduria, fatty & waxy casts, oval fat body cells

Question 25

diabetes mellitus nephropathy

Answer 25

proteinuria, glucose, yeast, ketones

Question 26

renal glycosuria

Answer 26

renal threshold not exceeded; altered tubular fxn

Question 27

lower UTI causative agent

Answer 27

~85% gram negative rods (fecal E. Coli)

Question 28

lower UTI-- where?

Answer 28

``` bladder = cystitis urethra = urethritis ```

Question 29

upper UTI -- where?

Answer 29

acute pyelonephritis

Question 30

lower UTI findings

Answer 30

chemical: protein, leukocyte esterase, nitrite, blood microscopic: WBC, bacteria, RBC, transitional epithelial cells (cystitis) NO CASTS BC THEY'RE ONLY FORMED IN KIDNEY TUBULES.

Question 31

acute pyelonephritis findings

Answer 31

minimum proteinuria, nitrite, leukocytes and leukocyte casts, WBC in clumps, RTE cells, granular casts

Question 32

ethylene glycol poisoning

Answer 32

- antifreeze - causes tubular necrosis - see 2 forms of same crystal in acidic urine (oval form along with the 'envelope' form of calcium oxalate crystals)

Question 33

gives urine a fruity odor

Answer 33

ketones

Question 34

urinalysis: positive bilirubin and decreased urobilinogen

Answer 34

biliary obstruction

Question 35

invalid results due to storing at room temp uncapped

Answer 35

ketones, bilirubin,

Question 36

which cast is characteristically associated with acute pyelonephritis?

Answer 36

white cell casts

Question 37

which cast is most characteristic of glomerular basement membrane damage?

Answer 37

red cell casts

Question 38

normal hyaline casts

Answer 38

0-2 hyaline casts/lpf

Question 39

what conditions enhance cast formation?

Answer 39

acid pH & urinary stasis

Question 40

UTI urinalysis findings

Answer 40

Bacteria, WBCs, positive nitrite, RBC

Question 41

3 things that can cause amber urine

Answer 41

1. presence of bilirubin 2. concentrated normal urine 3. drugs

Question 42

diabetes urinalysis findings

Answer 42

increased glucose & ketones