Exam #1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the definition of Psychology?
A
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
2
Q
What is classified as behavior?
A
any action
3
Q
What is classified as mental processes?
A
perceptions, thoughts, feelings
4
Q
What is latent construct?
A
not directly observed
5
Q
What are the 4 goals of Psychology?
A
Describe, Explain, Predict, Control (sometimes)
6
Q
What are the two psychologists that were involved in Pre-Psychology or Ancient Psychology?
A
Aristotle and Plato
7
Q
What did Aristotle main belief?
A
Tabula Rasa and that who people become is based on their experience
8
Q
What does Tabula Rasa mean?
A
clean slate which experience writes upon
9
Q
What did Plato believe?
A
the mind pre-exists and to some degree who we are is pre-determined
10
Q
What is the modern term to describe Plato’s belief?
A
Nature vs. Nuture
11
Q
Who was the psychologists who were involved in Pre-Psychology or Modern Philosophy?
A
Rene Descartes
12
Q
What type of Psychologist was Rene Descartes?
A
Rationalist
13
Q
What is cartesian dualism?
A
physical vs mental; the mind is fundamentally different than the body
14
Q
What did Rene Descartes believe?
A
you cant trust what you see and the only thing you can trust is logic and mathematics
15
Q
What do empiricists believe?
A
that you can only trust observation
16
Q
Who were the famous empiricists?
A
Locke, David Hume, and Bishop Berkley
17
Q
Who is David Hume?
A
he wrote an anonymous letter to the editor of the magazine raving about someone named “David Hume”
18
Q
What is the quote describing David Hume’s beliefs?
A
Just because the sun rose for the last 1,000 days does not mean that it will rise tomorrow
19
Q
What did Bishop Berkley believe?
A
reality is only made of thought
20
Q
What is Psychophysics?
A
measuring the processes in the brain
21
Q
Who were three Psychophysics?
A
Weber, Fechner, Ebbinghaus
22
Q
What did Weber study?
A
how we percieve perception
23
Q
What Law did Weber come up with?
A
Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
24
Q
What is JND?
A
we can’t tell the difference until it reaches 5% difference
25
What did Fechner study?
stimulus intensity
26
What are the four schools of Psychology?
Structuralism (Mentalism), Functionalism, Behaviorism, Gestalt Psychology
27
Who was Wilhelm Wundt?
Father of Modern Psychology
28
What did Wilhelm Wundt discover?
the first psychology lab a little before 1879 in Germany
29
Who was E.B. Titchner?
brought psychology to the U.S. and started the first psychology lab
30
Who trained the first woman Psychologists?
E.B. Titchner
31
Who started the school of Functionalism?
Wiliam James
32
What book did William James write?
"The Principles of Psychology"
33
What are three things to know about "The Principles of Psychology"?
1st book of psychology, stream of consciousness, and based on perception, thinking, Greek, religious experiences
34
Who discovered primary and secondary memory?
William James
35
What is a piece of equipment used to measure mental processes?
chronoscope
36
Who started Behaviorism?
John B. Watson
37
What school believed that you can only study public observable behaviors?
Behavorism
38
What did Watson believe?
that the only thing that is relevant is the environment
39
Who is B.F. Skiner?
most famous in Behavorism
40
What two books did B.F. Skiner write?
Walden II and Beyond Freedom and Dignity
41
What was the purpose of the Skiner baby Box?
to be able to observe the baby in a controlled environment
42
What school studied the mind and mental processes beyond behavior?
Gestalt Psychology
43
What is the quote said by Gestalt Psychologists?
that the whole was different than the sum of its parts
44
What is the Muller Illusion?
the >----
45
Who started The Cognitive Revolution? (4)
Noam Chomsky, George Miller, Herbert Simon and Allen Newell
46
What theory did Noam Chomsky disprove?
that language and grammar can be improved and developed by just stimulus
47
What book did Noam Chomsky write?
In Defense of Freedom and Dignity
48
Who were early pioneers of computer science?
Herbert Simon and Allen Newell
49
What were the three points of overnight thinking in The Cognitive Revolution?
Chomsky, WWII, and Computer Science
50
A system for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data
Scientific Method
51
How is the Scientific Method used in Psychology?
to accomplish the goals of description, explanation, prediction, and control
52
Who developed Confirmation Bias?
Watson and Crick
53
When you have hypothesis and you seek out information to confirm this hypothesis; tendency, to notice, seek out and interpret information in a way consistent with your own prior beliefs
Confirmation Bias
54
What are the 5 steps of the Scientific Method?
1. Perceive the question - Description
2. Forming a Hypothesis - Description and Explanation
3. Testing the Hypothesis - Explanation
4. Drawing a Conclusion
5. Reporting Resuslts
55
What can show relationship NOT causation
Descriptive Methods
56
Watching subjects in their natural environments
Naturalistic Observation
57
Disadvantage of Naturalistic Observation
lack of control
58
Advantage of Naturalistic Observation
realistic picture of behavior
59
Watching animals or people in an artificial but controlled situation such as a lab
Laboratory Observation
60
Advantages of Laboratory Observation
control over environment and specialized equipment
61
Disadvantages of Laboratory Observation
artificial situation that may result in artificial behavior and it can be difficult to generalize findings to "real-world" situations
62
Study of one individual in great detail
Case Study
63
Advantages of Case Study
May be the only way to study some phenomena and tremendous amount of detail
64
Disadvantages of Case Study
findings may not generalize to others
65
Phineas Gage Case Study
Rod went through his head and functioned almost normal he just had a different personality
66
H.M. Case Study
suffered from caesuras, went into brain surgery, and after that he couldn't form new memories
67
S.M. Case Study
had a genetic disorder in her amygdala and couldn't feel fear
68
Asking standardized question to a large group of people
Survey
69
Advantages of Survey
data from large numbers of people and able to study covert behaviors
70
Disadvantages of Survey
people are not always accurate, small variations in wording used or order of questions can effect outcomes, and researchers have to ensure representative sample if interested in generealizing
71
A measure of the relationship between two variables
Correlations
72
Anything that can change or vary
variable
73
What does "r" represent?
the direction (sign) and the strength (number)
74
What is the range of a correlation?
-1 to +1
75
A deliberate manipulation of a variable to see whether corresponding changes in behavior results, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationships
Experiment
76
The variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter
Independent variable
77
The variable in an experiment that is represented by the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment
Dependent variable
78
Subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable
Experimental Group
79
Subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment
Control Group
80
Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by random minimizes pre-existing differences between two groups
Random Assignment
81
Transmits information to and from the Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
82
What is it called when the senses go from the senses to the spinal cord?
Afferent/Sensory
83
What connects afferent to efferent?
Interneurons
84
What goes from the spinal cord to the muscles?
Efferent/Motor
85
Top of Brain
Dorsal
86
Bottom of Brain
Ventral
87
Front of Brain
Rostal
88
Back of brain
Caudal
89
Areas close to the center of split
Medial
90
Areas closer to the outer part
Lateral
91
Thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebellum hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
92
Back bottom lobe
Occipital Lobe
93
Front halg lobe
Frontal Lobe
94
Bottom middle lobe
Temporal Lobe
95
Top middle lobe
Parietal Lobe
96
Outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons; responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input
Cortex
97
wrinkling of the cortex
Corticalization
98
Responsible for higher mental processes and decision making and contains the motor complex
Frontal Lobe
99
Contains the somatosensory cortex
Parietal Lobe
100
Area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobe; responsible for processing information from skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, body position
Somatosensory Cortex
101
Contains primary auditory cortex and auditory association cortex
Temporal Lobe
102
Processes auditory information from the ears
Primary Auditory Cortex
103
Interprets or makes sense of auditory information
Auditory Association Cortex
104
Contains primary visual cortex and visual association cortex
Occipital Lobe
105
Processes visual information from the eyes
Primary Visual Cortex
106
Interprets or makes sense of visual information
Visual Association Cortex
107
Areas within different lobes that integrate different types of information
Association Cortices
108
Where frontal, temporal, and parietal lobe meet
Broca
109
towards the mid-back
Wernicke
110
The segment of the brainstem that lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain; integrates sensory processes, such as vision and hearing
Midbrain
111
What is the analogy for the Limbic System?
H-homeostasis
O-olfaction
M-memory
E-emotion
112
A round structure in the center of the brain that acts as the brain's sensory switchboard, relaying incoming sensory information to the appropriate sensory areas in the cortex (except smell)
Thalamus
113
Helps direct several maintenance activities like thirst, hunger, body temperature, sleeping and waking, sexual behavior, and emotions and controls pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
114
plays vital role in learning and memory
Hippocampus
115
two almond-shaped neutral clusters linked to emotion, especially fear
Amygldala
116
controls heartbeat, breathing, swallowing
Medulla
117
messages between the cerebellum and cortex; sleep, dreaming
Pons
118
arousal, attention, alertness
Reticular Formation
119
rapid and controlled movement
Cerebellum
120
sense organs detect energy and convert it into neural signals
Sensation
121
selection, organization, and interpretations of sensations; conscious experience of our sensations
Perception
122
data driven perception
Bottom-Up
123
conceptually driven expectations
Top-Down
124
Result from stimuli in the sensory field used to gather information about a target stimuli
Context Effects
125
Who made Captcha?
Lewis Van Ahn
126
Tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant even when its shaped changes on the retina
Shape Constancy
127
Tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change
Brightness Constancy
128
the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same size regardless of its distance
Size Constancy
129
the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background is known as
Figure Foreground
130
tendency to perceive objects that are closer together as part of the same grouping
Proximity
131
tendency to perceive things that similar to each as being part of the sam group
Similarity
132
tendency to complete figures that are incomplete
Closer
133
tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continous pattern
Continuity
134
tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related
Contiguity
135
one explanation of the Müller-Iyer Illusion
Depth Perception
136
What happens when it gets dark?
the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) triggers secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland making us sleepy
137
What controls sleep regulation?
Serotonin
138
How does body temperature effect how sleepy we are?
the higher the body temp the more alert we are; the lower the body temp the sleepier we are
139
As what builds up it makes us more sleepy?
Adenosine
140
How does caffeine work?
caffeine is adenosine antagonist
141
Sleep is a product of evolution
Adaptive theory of sleep
142
sleep is necessary for physical health
Restorative theory of sleep
143
Active sleep, dream during this stage, voluntary muscles are paralyzed
REM (rapid eye movement)
144
restful sleep and voluntary muscles are not paralyzed
Non-REM
145
Four Stages of Sleep
N1: Light Sleep
N2: Sleep Spindles
N3: Deep Sleep
REM Sleep
146
Four Elements of Hypnosis
1. Person to focus on what is being said
2. Person told to relax and feel tired
3. Person told to accept suggestions
4. Person told to use vivid imagination
147
Percentage of Hypnosis
80% have some response
| 40% "good" subjects
