Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

Rene Descartes

Answer 1

"I think, therefore, I am." | Objective knowledge , science in age of exploration

Answer 2

Treatment for malaria | Refined forms developed and eventually used by masses, helps move people beyond the coast

Answer 3

Self powered machine gun | Symbol of European military superiority

Answer 4

Scottish Congregationalist, established missions in South Africa then moved central Brought Christianity to Africa Lost contact with outside world, Stanley sent to find him

Answer 5

Journalist for New York herald, not a missionary Looks for livingstone, finds him Leopold invites to research Africa with him Travels and traces Congo river, removing last "unknown" territory

Answer 6

Otto Von Bismark- German chancellor, calls European nations to conference Established effective occupation- colonies that are functional and "effectively occupying" land To stop constant fights over land

Answer 7

Iman: faith in oneness of God and finality of prophethood of Muhammad Salah: daily prayers Zakah: giving arms to community- expression of social justice Sawm: fasting, concentrated in 9th month of year (Ramadan) Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca during 12th month

Answer 8

European countries colonizing Africa Major countries: Britain, France, Portugal, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain Minor: Austria-Hungary, Sweden, Norway, Netherlands. Denmark, USA, Russia, turkey

Answer 9

Establishing colony that is functional and "effectively occupying" land in order to fully claim land -- to stop fighting over land

Answer 10

Spontaneous, no leaders or plans Attack all foreigners, missionaries, administrators, Swahili clerks Maji Maji: "magic water" Scorched earth by Europeans Germans reduce violence to prevent further rebellions-start schools, offer jobs with benefits...

Answer 11

Uganda railway from Mombasa (coast) to Kismu (by lake Victoria)

Answer 12

Education, health clinics | Independent African churches- Christian, interpretations of bible leads to anti-colonial national sentiment

Answer 13

Extreme wealth, limited power, power hungry- felt Belgium wasn't enough-all about European expansion, wants colonies Followed dispatches from Christian missionaries-livingstone Connects with Henry Morton Stanley Colony in Congo, rubber trade, etc

Answer 14

Across central Africa, treaties from local chiefs signed over land International African association, Leopold's "philanthropic" association

Answer 15

Leopold's Congo | Free trade with all European countries and US

Answer 16

Army of Congo free state Staffed by Congolese men forced to join, resulted from village raids Hands brought back for every bullet missing to prove they were killing people and not just shooting-if they missed a shot, cut hands off live people

Answer 17

American journalist and diplomat Wen to Congo in 1890 and wrote open letter to Leopold II Disgusted by situation in Congo, accuses Leopold of forcing Africans to give up land and of abuses Called for new local regime and was ignored

Answer 18

Clerk in Liverpool, England who was suspicious about Congo Noticed goods that were coming and going to Congo(guns and chains to and ivory and rubber from) Started west African mail (newspaper) charged Leopold to be put on trial First modern humanitarian campaign

Answer 19

1903: British House of Commons passed resolution in protest of Congo Casement sent to investigate and document abuses

Answer 20

``` Self-determination of nations, peace, freedom of seas Called for general association of nations (to become League of Nations) to guaranteed political independence and protect territorial lines of states Versailles conference (Paris Peace Conference 1919), Ethiopia only African country with seat, split colonies between Britain, France, Belgium with ultimate goals to safeguard and prepare for eventual self government ```

Answer 21

Initially Britain and France join to invade German colonies using scorched earth to destroy crops and villages Cost of imports increased and prices for cash crops decreased Influenza pandemic 1918-1919 African drafted into war (effected labor and food production) Leads to strikes and trade unionism

Answer 22

Maintain control and develop territory Extract wealth to Europe, develop Europe at expense of Africa Transform politically: war and conquest, destroy states, leadership control of trade routes, develop colonial state and destroy tradition structures to make room for new ones Transform economically: destroy pre-colonial industries, production and labor to create and force colonial economy to global capitalist economy-- create money based economy and system of taxation, new systems of production (cash crop, plantations, mining)

Answer 23

British colonies Rule through indigenous and traditional leadership and institutions 2 major principles: de-centralization and continuity Required fewer administrators and minimum investment

Answer 24

French colonies Assimilation: make Africans as French as possible, replace African culture Centralized authorities, little use of traditional **Civilizing mission-one superior culture Saw French colonies as extension of France "Evolue": small # of Africans "successful" in assimilating to French culture

Answer 25

Kenya, Algeria, South African, Angola Immigrants from colonizing countries settle in colony and establish rule with intentions of permanent living Ruled as though part of mainland but indigenous people denied citizen rights

Answer 26

System of colonial rule mostly used by Portuguese Philosophy: natives incapable and everything needed to be done for them Few Africans trained to vie colonial admin Used church as colonizing institution

Answer 27

Force and extermination | Germany Italy

Answer 28

Non-Afrikaner immigrant

Answer 29

Afrikaners against British imperialism 1899 Afrikaner troops launch strike against British forces White mans war but more black people harmed Lasts 2.5 years partly because of Afrikaner guerilla war fare strategies British lose people, scorched earth policy British establish concentration camps, Afrikaner resistance defeated 1910: Union of South Africa established to ensure security and continuation of white dominance in South Africa

Answer 30

Established areas designated as "native reserves" Africans can't buy land outside of specific areas Gendered division of labor- women stay home while men leave to work

Answer 31

Further establishes segregated areas | Required Africans living in cities to live in specific townships- needs passes to be there

Answer 32

Established by Elite African men Originally called South African native national congress then renamed Preachers played large part Created idea of African national But elites didn't understand the lives of avg citizen

Answer 33

Part off Emergence of nationalism Predominately British Same party that won power in 1910 South African Party + nationalist party=unity party

Answer 34

"Brotherhood" To promote Afrikaner nationalism Argued Afrikaner people had been planted in the country by the hand of God

Answer 35

In 1914, in 1903's --> unity party JBM Hertzog Afrikaner nationalist party caused tension when in response to the Great Depression, formed the unity party with leaders of South African South African party + nationalist party=unity party

Answer 36

Member of nationalist party (unity party)

Answer 37

1930's | Conservative Africans from Broderbund members

Answer 38

Tax levied against every household Purpose was to completely change nature of African economic life by forcing self-sufficient farmers to go into wage labor to pay taxes that government imposed on them

Answer 39

African men forced to move for periods of time to work either in mines or on white owned farms (left for entire duration of contract) live in compounds and cannot leave job site Detrimental effects on African family units

Answer 40

Unpaid African labor | To build railroads and other things for the state

Answer 41

Part of resistance movements African mine workers revolt against low pay and poor treatment Educated elites and religion

Answer 42

Senegalese poet who took lead on négritude movement encouraging Africans to value their heritage and strengthen pan-africanism Rejected negative view that colonial powers held about African cultures

Answer 43

Emperor of Ethiopia "It is us today, it will be you tomorrow" Becomes international symbol for freedom Escapes before Italians capture the capital Helped raise African awareness of being African

Answer 44

"Black feet" various Europeans who went to Algeria in search of economic opportunity and a better life Granted full rights as French citizens French see algeria as part of France Muslims had to denounce religion to be citizens

Answer 45

Led by Ahmed Ben messali hadj | Sought to reach political compromise with the French

Answer 46

Massacre where French celebrated the surrender of nazi Germany, Muslims carried banners attacking French colonial rule Violence breaks out and 100 French are killed so French troops go after Muslims (6,000-45,000 casualties) PPA becomes radicalized, splintering the party

Answer 47

Combination of PPA splintered groups Three principles: nationalism, socialism, Islam FLN launches first wave if attack on French colonial rule in 1954 Initiates battle of Algiers Algeria gains independence in July 1962

Answer 48

Fought for French, moved to Algeria Psychiatrist who believed many Algerian Muslims weren't suffering from treatable mental illness but rather, repercussions of colonialism "Wretched of the Earth"

Answer 49

Kenya's largest ethnic group Conflict within: tension about how radical they should be, exposed weaknesses from war Went to war with colonial government but also other kikuyu

Answer 50

Most important group to emerge under colonialism Garnered widespread popularity Led by Jomo Kenyatta Banned during WWII

Answer 51

Led the Kikuyu Central Association Arrested during Mau Mau Rebellion Head of KANU (Kenyan African national union) Secured British economic interests, becomes leader of independent Kenya and gives jobs to kikuyu people Wasn't as radical as kimathi

Answer 52

Established by kikuyu leaders looking to move beyond ethnic divisions Kenyatta becomes president

Answer 53

"The movement" in Swahili Let Europeans go back to Europe, let Africans get independent Becomes Mau Mau

Answer 54

Rebellion - fighters burn white owned businesses and farms, assassinated Chiefs working with the state Used Panga(farming tool) to kill people up close White settler and international response Governed Evelyn Baring declares state of emergency in colony, arrests KAU members including Kenyatta Kikuyu people killed even if expected to be Mau Mau

Answer 55

Farming tool the Mau Mau used as a weapon Killed people by cutting up close, brutal Seen as very negative- easy to demonized Mau Mau people

Answer 56

One of the leaders of the Mau Mau rebellion | "general China",launched periodic raids

Answer 57

Controlled his own area in the forests Waged long standing guerilla war against British loyalists until 1957 One of the most notorious fighters in forest, British didn't know what he looked like

Answer 58

British launch in 1954 Went to every African section of Nairobi and round men women and kids to Send to detention camps Classifications: white (no connection to Mau Mau), brown ("slightly infected" by Mau Mau), black ("hardcore Mau Mau") Dedan kimathi is captured, ending the rebellion Prison camps remained three years after end

Answer 59

Formed alliance with Herzog after founding of nationalist party Disagrees about South African position in WWII, thinks they should enter the war and support Britain-- parliament votes for them to support Britain Takes over as prime minister when Herzog resigns

Answer 60

Afrikaner paramilitary org for Afrikaner nationalism Small scale attacks on South African state- to power plants, post offices, police stations, etc Accomplice of nationalist party when it began to distance from nazi regime, distanced from Nazis because they were losing the war and this would put them in a position of struggle Goal to continue segregation

Answer 61

MOST responsible for Apartheids legislation "good neighborliness" Studied psychology in Germany, served as minister of native affairs

Answer 62

Afrikaner word "separateness" Legal expression of nationalists party belief partly founded in religion that races should develop separately 1948**

Answer 63

Illegal for difference races to marry | Helped set foundation for apartheid

Answer 64

Illegal to have sexual relations between races, even flirting Helped set foundation for apartheid

Answer 65

Native lands act 1913 legally prevented black Africans from owning land but did not remove previously land owning blacks from non African areas This act closed that loophole Meant to destroy mixed communities , 3.5 million forced to move

Answer 66

If you caused any trouble for the government you would be declared a communist- jailed or banned

Answer 67

Required Africans over the age of 16 to carry passes, not just men

Answer 68

Enforced separation of race in education, government controls ALL public education Education of nonwhites oriented toward preparing them for work in unskilled labor White education was free, not free for non whites

Answer 69

Made it illegal for unions to form across racial lines

Answer 70

Nonwhites barred from white universities, black Africans can only go to special universities that admit students of their race or ethnic group (I.e. Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho)

Answer 71

Made black populations of South Africans the citizens of homelands instead of South Africa itself To guarantee "white majority" - aka: Africans split into ethnic groups created by whites to make them "minorities" Goal was to divide Africans into independent groups

Answer 72

Urban areas where black Africans were forced to lived

Answer 73

In Egypt - split of churches based on views | Monophysite : Christ had only one nature-divine, not a normal human, forms Coptic church

Answer 74

East Africa, rose to power, economic growth, Christianity spread, powerful expansion around Red Sea Persians expelled them, rise of Islam weakened their trading position

Answer 75

Hunter gatherers, first to come in contact with Dutch

Answer 76

Lead Dutch colonists to Africa on behalf of the Dutch east India company

Answer 77

Process of establishing boundaries of German East Africa , boundaries for British Kenya established

Exam 1 Flashcards

(101 cards)