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Pharmaceutics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Molarity (M)

A

moles of solute in 1 liter of solution

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2
Q

Molality (m)

A

moles of solute in 1000 g (1 kg) of solvent

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3
Q

Mole Fraction (X)

A

ratio of moles of one constituent to total moles

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4
Q

Percent by weight (%w/w)

A

grams of solute in 100 g of solution

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5
Q

Percent by Volume (%v/v)

A

milliliters of solute in 100 mL of solution

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6
Q

Percent by weight-in-volume (%w/v)

A

grams of solute in 100 mL of solution

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7
Q

Density (g/cm^3)

A

grams of solution in 1 mL of solution

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8
Q

Drug

A

agent intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure or prevention of disease in humans or in other animals.

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9
Q

What is the only difference between a drug and a poison?

A

The dose.

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10
Q

Drugs date back to approximately _____

A

3000 BC

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11
Q

Ebers papyrus

A

most famous ancient writing on drugs. A 60 foot long papyrus with over 800 formulas and 700 drugs dating back to 1550 BC.

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12
Q

Hippocrates

A

460-377 BC

described hundreds of drugs, and the term “pharmakon” came to mean a purifying remedy for good only.

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13
Q

Dioscorides

A

1st century
studied pharmaceutical botany and described collection and proper storage. Also had means of detecting contaminants, and set standards.

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14
Q

Galen

A

130-200 AD
“Galenic Pharmacy”
Wrote about numerous drugs and described preparations of vegetable drugs by mixing and compounding.

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15
Q

Avicenna

A

981-1037
wrote the Canon of Medicine in Persia that remained the common medical text in Europe until the 18th century.
State that disease could be spread through water, air, or soil. Introduced the ideas of quarantine. Evidence based medicine and randomized clinical trials.

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16
Q

Emperor Frederick II of Germany

A

Officially separated pharmacy from medicine in 1240

Pharmacists were required to prepare reliable drugs of uniform quality.

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17
Q

Paracelsus

A

1493-1541
transformed the profession from one based on botany to one based on chemistry. He believed it was possible to cure any disease with a specific medicinal agent.

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18
Q

Pharmacopeia of London

A

1618

contained descriptions of how to mix components and contained standards

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19
Q

1800s

A

Morphine was isolated from opium and was developed as a pain killer; “miracle drug”
Name morphine after the greek god of dreams Morpheus
Quinine, caffeine, codeine were also isolated.

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20
Q

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

A

1820
Pharmakon (drug) + poiein (make)
provided standards to insure drug quality
272 pages w/ 217 drugs

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21
Q

Philadelphia college of pharmacy

A

Nations first pharmacy school

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22
Q

First organic molecule synthesized

A

Urea in 1828

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23
Q

1858

A

Doctors first experimented with hypodermic needle to directly inject morphine into the bloodstream. Common instrument by 1870 and this route of administration was thought to prevent addiction.

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24
Q

1860

A

Pure cocaine extracted from coca and tried on almost every illness known to man.

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25
Germ theory
Pasteur presented germ theory in 1865
26
1884
purified cocaine became commercially available in the US | Thought it was a harmless stimulant that was "no more habit forming than coffee or tea"
27
Rabies vaccine
first vaccine | 1885
28
National Formulary
1888 created and included some drugs not included in the USP
29
Heroin
Bayer aggressively marketed to doctors and patents as "safe and non-addictive" substitute for morphine
30
Aspirin
1899- Bayer introduced ASA
31
Pure Food and Drug Act
1906 Roosevelt signed this act that said drugs labeled USP or NF must conform to the standards set forth. Required: accurate labeling Drugs at this point were not thought to be curative.
32
Syphilis test
1906 test became available
33
Arsphenamine
found to cure syphilis in 1910 and was the first drug to be curative.
34
Shirley Amendment
1912 this was passed and prohibited false claims
35
Harrison Act
1914 required strict accounting of opium and coca from entry into the US to patient; taxed at each transfer. Forbade cocaine in any other remedies and required a prescription. First law where federal government controls prescribing practices.
36
Insulin isolated
1922
37
PCN discovered
1928 and commercially available in 1945
38
Marijuana Tax Act
1937 passed to control and tax marijuana
39
Food drug and cosmetic act
1938 in response to the sulfanilamide deaths when a pharmacist mixed diethylene glycol in an elixir to improve solubility and ended up killing 100 people. Act prohibits the distribution and use of any new drug without prior filing of a new drug application. FDA became responsible for granting or denying permission to distribute a new product. Must be safe for human use.
40
Durham-Humphrey Amendment
limited new drugs to prescription-only dispensing | No refills without consent of physician
41
Polio vaccine
1954
42
Birth control pill
1960
43
Thalidomide
1962 sold OTC in Europe as a sedative and tranquilizer Birth defects were reported in Europe
44
Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments
drugs were both safe and effective before FDA would approve for marketing Dur sponsors were now required to submit an investigational new drug application before testing in humans
45
Measles vaccine
1963
46
Mumps vaccine
1967
47
Marijuana illegal
1970- Comprehensive Drug Abuse Act made it illegal
48
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act
1994 Congress passed- differentiated between regulated, FDA approved drugs and herbal/dietary supplements Not allowed to have claims of curing or preventing diseases
49
Phase 1 Clinical Trials
1.5 years 20-100 HEALTHY volunteers Determine: safety and dosage initial dose is very low and gradually increased
50
Phase II Clinical Trials
2 years 100 to 500 patient volunteers Evaluate: effectiveness, look for side effects
51
Phase III Clinical Trials
3.5 years 1000- 5000 patient volunteers Confirm effectiveness, monitor adverse reactions from long term use
52
Phase IV Clinical Trials
Additional post marketing testing required by FDA
53
Therapeutic Index
Ratio between median effective dose and median toxic dose- preferred to have a high therapeutic index
54
Orphan Drug Act
1983- facilitate the development of drugs for treating diseases that affect less than 200,000 people in the US.
55
Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act
1984 allows applications for generic copies of approved drugs to be filed through an abbreviated new drug application (ANDA) after 17 years
56
Generic form
same active ingredients identical strength, dosage form, and route of administration same indications and precautions for use and other labeling instructions bioequivalency same batch-to-batch requirements for identity,s trenght, purity and quality
57
Bioavailability
rate and extent to which an active drug is absorbed from a dosage form and becomes available at the site of action.
58
Bioequivalences
Compares the bioavailabilities of different formulations and dosage forms Must have same area under the curve & same Cmax
59
Cmax
Max concentration drug reaches
60
Tmax
time of peak concentration
61
Solubilization Steps
1. Remove molecule from solute phase (vaporizing) requires energy 2. Creation of a cavity (hole) in the solvent requires energy 3. Placing the solute molecules in the solvents cavity- energetically favorable
62
Heat of hydration
heat liberated when ions are hydrated | the energy it takes to overcome the lattice forces to make something more soluble
63
Complexation
molecular interaction or association, producing a substance with properties different than the starting materials
64
Chelating Agent
binds to a metal through more than one functional group | EX: EDTA
65
Tetracyline
binds to Ca containing tissues (teeth, bone, breast milk). Danger is greatest for young children, lactating women, and those affected by degenerative bone diseases (osteoporosis)
66
Serum albumin binds ____
cationic substances
67
alpha-glycoprotein binds ___
anionic substances
68
Free radical oxidation steps
1. initiation 2. propagation 3. termination
69
Anti oxidants in aqueous solutions
Sodium sulfite & bisulfite Hypo phosphorous acid Ascorbic acid
70
Anti oxidants in oleaginous (oily) preparations
alpha tocopherol butylhydroxyanisole ascorbic palmitate
71
Arrhenius Activation Energy
energy barrier that must be overcome for the reaction to proceed.

Pharmaceutics (1 decks)

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