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Foundations #3 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

Central nervous systems

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous systems

A

Sensory pathways

Motor pathways

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3
Q

Motor Pathways

A

Voluntary (somatic)

Involuntary (autonomic)

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4
Q

Autonomic nervous systems

A

sympathetic-fight or flight

parasympathetic-rest and digest

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5
Q

Somatic-voluntary nervous systems

A
  • Innervation of striated (skeletal) muscle
  • Control of voluntary movement
  • No ganglia between spinal cord and target muscle
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6
Q

Autonomic-involuntary

A

• Innervation of smooth muscle, glands, organs, blood vessels, fat, skin, etc.
• Involuntary control of bodily functions
E.g.,respiration, blood pressure, secretions, body temperature, digestion, heart rate

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7
Q 
Nm = muscular nicotinic receptors
Nn = neuronal nicotinic receptors
A

receptors for ACh
ligand gated ion channels
voluntary (m)
involuntary (n)

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8
Q

M = muscarinic receptor

A

receptor for ACh
G protein coupled receptor
involuntary

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9
Q

Parasympathetic nerve lengths

A

pre-ganglionic neurons are long

post-ganglionic neurons short, because discreetly/selectively activated

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10
Q

Sympathetic nerve lengths

A

pre-ganglionic neurons are short
post-ganglionic neurons long
neurons that also directly activate adrenal medulla to release a neuro-hormone (epinephrine)
activated all at once

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11
Q

NE = norepinephrine

A

released by sympathetic nervous systems post-ganglionic neurons to target organs onto adrenergic receptors that are GPCRs (a and b)

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12
Q

sympathetic response

A
  • slow down GI tract motility by vasoconstriction and relaxing longitudinal muscle sphincters contract
  • Pupils dilate let more light in, lens relax ciliary muscle for far vision
  • increased heart rate, amplitude, force
  • decrease salivary
  • localized sweating
  • bronchodilation, to breathe easier
  • increases WATERY secretions in lungs to help with oxygen diffusion
  • pancreas insulin secretion inhibited and glucagon stimulated for more glucose in the blood
  • pregnant uterine myometrium contractions inhibited
  • brain, skeletal muscle, liver clotting factors and glucose vasodilation
  • GI tracts, skin extremities, kidney, major blood vessels vasoconstriction
  • CNS alerted, focus, muscle tremors via uptake of potassium for depolarized
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13
Q

parasympathetic response

A
  • increased GI motility and relax of sphincters
  • pupils constrict, concentric iris sphincter
  • decrease cardiac output, rate
  • sweating for temperature control
  • bronchoconstricted for protection
  • increased MUCUS secretion in lungs
  • males sexually point and shoot
  • CNS rested
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14
Q

Alpha1 Adrenergic Receptor

A 
CONTRACTION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
Major blood vessels
Dermal, GI, renal, bladder, nasal
Eye
Bladder and GI Sphincters
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15
Q

Alpha2 Adrenergic Receptors

A

Eyes, Pancreatic Islets, Presynaptic nerve terminals, CNS brainstem, Spinal cord, Nasal vasculature

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16
Q

Beta1 Adrenergic Receptors

A

Heartm Kidney, Eye

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17
Q

Beta2 Adrenergic Receptors

A

Liver and skeletal muscle vascular smooth muscle
Lung, GI, Bladder detrusor, Pregnant uterus (myometrium) smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle POTASSIUM UPTAKE
Mast cells INHIBIT HISTAMINE RELEASE
increase glucagon secretion and aqueous humor
Pancreas
Liver
Eye

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18
Q

This ion controls the release of neurotransmitters from ganglia

A

Ca2+

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19
Q

Drug that inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase

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A

alpha methyl para tyrosine
acts on rate-limiting enzyme
result: deplete blood vessels of NE, blood pressure will drop big time, tired
used for adrenal gland tumor-fiochromocytoma

20
Q

Drug that blocks aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase

Study These Flashcards
A

Carbidopa
result: increases levels of L-DOPA by preventing metabolism
used for Parkinson’s diseases, but crosses BBB

21
Q

Drug that inhibits VMAT, vesicular monamine transporter

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A

Reserpine

inhibits dopamine release by preventing NE packaging in vesciles. Dopamine will degrade in cytosol

22
Q

Presynaptic Autoreceptors

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A

inhibits release of own NTs
alpha2 receptor, activate potassium channels resulting in hyperpolarization=inhibits further NE release
negative feedback

23
Q

Norepinephrine Transporter (NET)

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A

highly selective
moderate capacity

block NE reuptake with cocaine and antidepressants

24
Q

support cell

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A

transporter (Reuptake II) that is not selective with high capacity
like a vacuum that sucks up NTs

25
PNMT
enzyme that converts norepinephrine to epinephrine in adrenal gland
26
indirect agonist examples
antidepressants, cocaine, tyramine (pure), amphetamine
27
Tyramine
transported back into nerve terminal by NET* with NE and packaged into vescicles with VMAT* then released into synaptic cleft again upon stimulus but don't do anything to post-synaptic receptors. results in release of dump of Norepi=tachyphylaxis *bidirectional transporter
28
tachyphylaxis
time dependent NE release Initial increase in NE release followed by decreasing NE release as indirect agonist depletes supply of NE spike can cause stroke
29
Isoproterenol (ISO)
Beta1-heart and Beta2-vessels dilate selective agonists -increase pulse, systolic blood pressure (influenced by cardiac output) BETA1 -decrease peripheral resistance, diastolic blood pressure (influenced by resistance) BETA2 results in minor average decrease in BP increase in HR is greater from baroreflex from decrease in blood pressure
30
Epinephrine
Beta1=Beta2=Alpha1 simultaneously activates all adrenergic receptors required to activate beta2 receptors -BETA1 increase HR, systolic BP -BETA2 modest decrease resistance vasodilation, inhibits histamine release -ALPHA1 counteracting vasoconstriction of major blood vessels -blood shunted out to muscles, brain, epinephrine supporting blood pressure, not much change in BP Decrease in HR because of increase of BP
31
Norepinephrine
``` Beta1=Alpha1>>beta2 used in severe hypotension BETA1-increases cardiac output contractility, not rate! and systolic BP rate decreases ALPHA1-peripheral resistance increase ```
32
Droxidopa
converted to NE | for pts experiencing orthostatic hypotension
33
Dopamine
D1 > Beta1> Alpha hemodynamic shock (blood loss) Dopamine receptors can control renal perfusion. Must admin with lots of fluid low dose=dopamine receptors, kidney higher dose=beta 1, cardiac output renin secretion highest dose=alpha 1, vasoconstriction but may lose kindey
34
Dobutamine
``` heart failure S enantiomer-alpha agonist R enantiomer-alpha antagonist cancels out and results in beta1 agonist behavior + a little alpha1 residual activity receptors desensitize ```
35
Terbutaline
beta2 agonist | inhibit uterine smooth muscle contraction in premature labor
36
SABAs | Short acting beta2 agonist
Albuterol Metoproterenol Tertbutaline
37
LABAs | Long acting beta2 agonist
``` Formoterol-full agonist Salmeterol Indacaterol Vilanterol Olodaterol are partial agonists ```
38
alpha1 sympathomimetics
used for: nasal congestion-constriction to reduce mucus mem volume hypotension-increase diastolic BP tachycardiac arrhythmias-PAT: increased BP will slow heart rate topical anesthetics adjuvants: maintain local concentration, vasoconstriction mydriatics for eye exam: dilate NOT FOR HYPERTENSION PTS
39
Alpha1 agonist side effects
suppress appetite (lower blood flow to GI) urinary retention (sphincter constrict) bradycardia photophobia CNS-nervous, tremors, irritable, sweating rebound congestion receptor desensitization
40
sympatholytic agents
alpha2 selective agonist
41
alpha2 agonists | CALMING
used in: hypertension: no effect on HR, decrease release of NE, decrease BP. good for prego HT glaucoma: inhibit aqueous humor production to lower pressure drug/alc withdrawal: reduce anxiety, tachycardia ADHD:calming effects, CNS penetrating anti-spastic: lower hyperalgesia dermal flushing: vasoconstrict and reduce redness NOT FOR DIABETICS
42
alpha2 agonist side effects
hypotension and suppressed HR after sitting/standing rebound hypertension, withdraw slowly from drugs sedation
43
alpha2 agonist drugs
``` clonidine guanfacine alpha-methyldopa apraclonidine, brimonidine tizanidine ```
44
alpha1 agonist drugs
midodrine (orthostatic hypotension) phenylephrine cyclomydril
45
alpha1 agonists with alpha2 activity
tetrahydrozoline, oxymetazoline | cocaine

Foundations #3 (4 decks)

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