Exam 1 Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
What are the tributaries of the Internal Jugular vein?
A
- Inferior Petrosal Sinus
- Pharyngeal Veins
- Facial Vein
- Lingual Vein
- Superior Thyroid Vein
- Middle Thyroid Vein
2
Q
What are the tributaries of the External Jugular vein?
A
- Retromandibular V
- Posterior Auricular V
- Posterior External Jugular V
- Anterior Jugular V
- Transverse Cervical V
- Suprascapular V
3
Q
What is the term used for “Tongue Tied”
A
Ankyloglossia
4
Q
T or F: The frenulum usually grows during the first year of life (further correcting itself if it is limiting tongue movement)
A
True
5
Q
Ophthalmic N distributes to what area?
A
Face and scalp
6
Q
Maxillary N distributes to what area?
A
Cheek and area lateral to the orbit (eye)
7
Q
Mandibular N distributes to what area?
A
Chin and temporal region
8
Q
What are the 5 subdivisions of the ophthalmic N?
A
- Supraorbital N
- Supratrochlear N
- Infratrochlear N
- External Nasal N
- Lacrimal N
9
Q
What are the 3 subdivisions of the Maxillary N?
A
- Zygomaticotemporal N
- Zygomaticofacial N
- Infraorbital N. (Most frequently injured with blows to face, common in Boxers)
10
Q
What are the 3 subdivisions of the Mandibular N?
A
- Auriculotemporal N
- Buccal N
- Mental N
11
Q
What is the term used to describe sudden attacks of severe pain occurring in the area of sensory distribution of the trigeminal N?
A
Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)
- often due to touch
- most common in maxillary division least in ophthalmic
12
Q
What forms the cervical plexus?
A
Anterior primary rami of C1, C2, C3, and C4
13
Q
What spinal segments supply sensory innervation to the skin of the upper limb?
A
C5, 6, 7, 8
14
Q
What are the 2 parts of the ansa cervicalis?
A
- Superior Root (C1, or C1 and C2)
- Decends from the hypoglossal N
- Inferior Root (C2 and C3)
- Decends from cervical N branches
15
Q
Superior and Inferior roots combine to form what?
A
Ansa Cervicalis (C1, C2, C3)
16
Q
What 3 of the 4 infrahyoid muscles does the ansa cervicalis supply?
A
- sternohyoid
- sternothyroid
- omohyoid
17
Q
***what supplies the 4th infrahyoid muscle (thyrohyoid)
A
Exclusively C1 fibers through the hypoglossal N.
18
Q
Where does the phrenic N originate from?
A
C3, 4, 5 (keep the diaphragm alive.)
19
Q
Phrenic N is motor to what muscle?
A
Diaphragm
20
Q
Phrenic N is sensory to what muscles?
A
Thorax and abdomen
21
Q
Where can the phrenic N be found?
A
Anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle
22
Q
What is torticollis?
A
Pathological contraction of the SCM.
23
Q
What are the 3 types of torticollis?
A
- Congenital: due to Fibrous tissue tumor that dev. at or b4 birth
- Muscular: Due to birth injury
- Spasmodic: occurs in adults, due to abnormal tonicity.
24
Q
What does the External Jugular Vein drain?
A
Face and scalp. (lots of cerebral blood)
25
Where is the External Jugular Vein formed?
below Parotid Gland (largest salary gland)
26
***What vein does the External Jugular Vein empty into?
Subclavian vein
27
What are the 6 tributaries of the External Jugular Vein?
1. Retromandibular Vein
2. Posterior Auricular Vein
3. Posterior External Jugular Vein
4. Anterior Jugular Vein
5. Transverse Cervical Vein
6. Suprascapular Vein
28
What muscle divides the neck into 2 different triangles?
SCM
29
What is the ONLY subdivision of the Anterior triangle that is unpaired?
Submental
30
What are the contents found in the carotid triangle?
Common and Internal carotid arteries
31
What bone is often broken in strangulation?
Hyoid bone
32
Where is the hyoid bone located?
between the mandible and larynx. Attachment point of many muscles
33
T or F: The hyoid bone does not articulate with any other bone.
True
34
What are the functions of the infrahyoid muscles and where do they attach?
Move the hyoid bone and larynx. Attach to the hyoid bone
35
What are the 4 infrahyoid muscles?
1. Omohyoid
2. Sternohyoid
3. Sternothyroid
4. Thyrohyoid
36
Why all the muscles to depress the hyoid bone and larynx?
1. Swallowing
2. Speech
3. Breathing
4. If hyoid bone is fixed, digastric depresses mandible
37
What are the 2 layers of the cervical fascia?
1. Superficial Cervical Fascia
| 2. Deep Cervical Fascia
38
What is the name for the opening through which structures of the neck pass into the thorax?
Superior Thoracic Aperture (Thoracic Inlet)
39
What are the boundarys of the superior thoracic aperture?
1. first thoracic vertebra
2. first ribs and their cartilages
3. manubrium of sternum
40
What is the term to describe lung collapse?
Atelectasis
41
Where does the thymus usually lie?
Behind the manubrium and the sternum. Lies inferior to the thyroid gland
42
What is the blood supply to the thymus?
Internal thoracic artery
43
What does the thyroid gland produce?
Thyroxine and calcitonin
44
What cervical levels does the thyroid gland lie at?
C5-T1
45
What are the 3 parts of the Thyroid gland? whats its shape?
left and right lobe and the isthmus (which connects the R and R halves). Its usually H or U shaped
46
50% of thyroid glands also have what?
pyramidal lobe
47
What muscle connects the isthmus of the thyroid to the hyoid bone?
Levator Glandulae thyroideae muscle
48
The Thyroid Ima Artery is a branch of what trunk?
Brachiocephalic trunk. Present in 10% of ppl. may be damaged in tracheotomy
49
What is a Goiter?
Enlargement of the thyroid gland. produces swelling in the anterior neck.
50
What are the 2 types of goiters?
1. Endemic - dietary deficiency of iodine, gland enlarges to increase output. hormone is inactive, causes hypothyroidism
2. Exothalmic - due to autoimmune disease, immunoglobins bind to receptor site, cause over active thyroid gland. Hyperthyroidism (graves disease)
51
T or F: Parathyroid glands are not essential to life.
False. they ARE essential to life
52
What is the function of the parathyroid gland?
calcium homeostasis (regulation)
53
How many parathyroid glands are there?
4 usually but varies from 2-6
54
What factors make thyroid surgery difficult?
parathyroid glands, vascularity, recurrent laryngeal N.
55
Where does the trachea begin?
C6
56
What does the trachea (windpipe) split into?
L and R bronchi
57
What are the tracheal walls supported by?
C-rings which open posteriorly. allows for expansion of esophagus during swallowing
58
What is the posterior gap of the trachea spanned by?
Trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)
59
Where does the esophagus begin?
Also the level C6. lies posterior to the trachea
60
What are the main arteries of the head and neck?
L and R Common Carotid Arteries
61
How many branches does the internal carotid artery have?
zero! enters the skull through carotid canal to supply blood to brain
62
What are the 8 branches of the External Carotid canal?
1. Superior thyroid
2. Ascending pharyngeal
3. Lingual
4. Facial
5. Occipital
6. Posterior auricular
7. Superficial temporal
8. Maxillary
63
What supplied blood to the structures of the neck, face and scalp?
External Carotid A. bc they are External to the skull
64
The Internal Jugular Vein is NEVER visible topographically
=)
65
What is a slight dilation of the internal carotid artery where is joins the common carotid called?
Carotid Sinus
66
What does the carotid sinus do?
Monitors blood pressure.
67
What does the carotid body do?
detect changes in the chemical makeup of the blood within the carotid
68
What are the 2 major veins of the neck?
External and Internal Jugular Veins
69
What is the largest vein in the neck?
Internal Jugular Vein
70
What does the Internal Jugular vein drain into?
Brachiocephalic Vein
71
*What is the name of the dilation of the internal jugular vein at its origin below the jugular foramen?
Superior jugular bulb.
72
What are the 6 tributaries of the Internal Jugular Vein?
1. Inferior petrosal sinus
2. Paryngeal vein
3. Facial vein
4. Lingual vein
5. Superior thyroid vein
6. Middle thyroid vein
73
What is the name of the dilation of the internal jugular vein near its termination into the brachiocephalic trunk?
Inferior Jugular Bulb
74
What are the 4 nerves of the neck?
1. Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
2. Vagus (X)
3. Accessory (CN XI)
4. Hypoglossal (CN XII)
75
*** - The pharyngeal plexus is motor to all of the muscles of the pharynx EXCEPT for?
-And to all of the muscles of the soft palate EXCEPT for?
- Stylopharyngeus (innervated by glossopharyngeal N)
| - Tensor Veli Palatini (innervated by Trigeminal)
76
What nerves join to form the pharyngeal plexus?
Pharyngeal joins glossopharyngeal N. and sympathetic trunk to form P.P.
77
The recurrent laryngeal N is motor to all of the muscles of the larynx EXCEPT for?
Cricothyroid
78
What are the 2 parts that form the accessory N?
Cranial and Spinal.
79
What is the motor nerve of the tongue?
Hypoglossal N.
80
What is the name for a nerve bundle that loops anterior to the subclavian artery, connecting the vertebral ganglion to the cervicothoracic ganglion?
Ansa Subclavia
81
What is the largest and sturdiest facial bone?
Mandible
82
What muscle is pierced by the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle?
Stylohyoid Muscle
83
Which gland is the smallest?
Sublingual gland
84
***What nerve crosses under the submandibular duct on its way to the tongue?
Lingual nerve
85
What are the 4 functions of the nasal cavity?
1. provide an airway
2. olfaction
3. warm and moistening of inspired air
4. cleansing of inspired air
86
What are the 4 bones that make up the roofs boundary of the nasal cavity?
nasal bone, frontal bone, cribriform plate of ethmoid bone, and body of the sphenoid bone
87
What 2 bones that make up the floors boundary of the nasal cavity?
Palatine process of the maxilla, and horizontal plate of the palatine bone. (they form the hard palate)
88
What 4 bones that make up the medial wall (nasal septum) of the nasal cavity?
Septal cartilage, perpendicular plate, ethmoid bone, vomer
89
What bones form the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
nasal bone, frontal process of the maxilla, lacrimal bone, ethmoid bone, inferior nasal concha, perpendicular plate of the palatine bone, and medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
90
What are the 2 functions of nasal conchae?
1. increase surface area. warm, moisten, clean inspired air.
| 2. increase turbulence. warm, moisten, clean inspired air AND olfaction.
91
***What opens into the superior meatus?
Ethmoidal Cells
92
What does Anosmia mean?
loss of olfaction
93
T/F: Ppl over 50 lose olfaction receptor cells are a rate of 1% per year
True
94
The primary blood supply to the nasal cavity is from the?
1. sphenopalatine branch of the maxillary artery (most important)
2. Anterior ethmoidal branch of the ophthalmic artery
95
What is epistaxis?
nose bleed. - commonly due to richness of blood supply
96
Describe to 2 forms of epistaxis.
1. Mild form: involves small branches of or near the vestibule, caused by minor trauma, low humidity.
2. Severe form: Involves spurting arterial blood. Results from rupture of the sphenopalatine artery at one of the major anastomoses. caused by trauma
97
Other causes of nose bleeds are:
1. hypertension
2. blood disorders
3. Cocaine abuse
98
Where are the paranasal sinuses found?
Cavities within the bones of the face
99
What does the formation of the paranasal sinuses relate to?
1. wolfs law
| 2. reduce weight of the skull
100
Which sinus is most frequently prone to infection?
Maxillary. it is also the largest paranasal sinus.
101
Which paranasal sinus is the only one that may be present at birth?
Maxillary
102
What is Naegleria fouleri?
brain eating Amoeba
103
Soft palate is elevated during swallowing but closedes off nasal cavity from oral cavity. (milk out nose)
104
***What muscle of the soft palate opens the pharyngotympanic tube?
Tensor Veli Palatini (yawn ears pop)
105
What are the functions of the tongue? (4)
1. taste
2. mastication
3. swallowing
4. speech
106
Smallest papillae with no taste buds are?
Filiform
107
mushroom shaped papillae are?
fungiform
108
Largest papillae and arranged in a V shape row are?
Vallate
109
grooves and ridges along margin or tongue and poorly dev. in humans.
Foliate
110
What are the 4 Extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
1. genioglossus (stick tongue out)
2. Hypoglossus
3. Styloglossus
4. Palatoglossus
111
All of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) EXCEPT what muscle?
Palatoglossus
112
Where do all of the lymph nodes eventually drain?
to the deep cervical nodes
113
What is the hardest substance in the human body and where is it found?
Enamel and its found covering the crown of the teeth.
114
What replaces deciduous molars?
Adult premolars
115
How many deciduous teeth are there?
20
116
How many permanent teeth are there?
32
117
Affects one tooth
toothache
118
Affects whole row
Trigeminal Neuralgia
119
What is the Pharynx the common pathway for?
food and air. food to esophagus and air to larynx.
120
what is the Pharynx?
funnel shaped fibromuscular tube which extends from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
121
Where does the pharynx lie?
Posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx
122
What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?
1. Nasopharynx - post. to nasal cavity.
2. Oropharynx - post to oral cavity
3. Laryngopharynx - post to larynx
123
Where is the nasopharynx found?
right under C1
124
What is the name of the tonsils embedded in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?
pharyngeal tonsils. 2nd most common removed, cause difficulty breathing threw nose.
125
What allows the spread of Otitis Media?
pharyngotympanic tube (Equalizes pressue b/t nasopharynx and tympanic cavity)
126
What is the first line of defense agains infection?
Tonsillar ring
127
Which tonsils are most commonly removed during childhood?
palatine tonsils (in oropharynx)
128
What is the cervical level of the oropharynx?
CV2 and CV3
129
What is the level of the laryngopharynx?
C3-C6
130
T/F: the Deep piriform fossae is one cause of bad breath (halitosis)
True
131
What is the clinical sig. of retropharyngeal space?
Hemorrhage from cervical trauma or abscess from pharyngeal infection into the retropharyngeal peace may cause the posterior wall of the pharynx to balloon forward, potentially leading to suffocation
132
What does dysphagia mean?
Difficulty swallowing
