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BIO 181 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Any living organism to small to be seen with the naked eye is…

A

A microbe or microorganism

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2
Q

What are the properties if life?

A
  • reproduction
  • homeostasis
  • evolution
  • metabolism
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3
Q

The ability to maintain a constant internal environment at disequilibrium with the surrounding environment is called

A

homeostasis

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4
Q

What is reproduction?

A

the ability of a living thing to reproduce itself.

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5
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The ability of a living thing to manage their own energy and matter.

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6
Q

The ability to adapt to one’s environment is called…

A

evolution

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7
Q

All physically living things are constructed of…

A
  • organic compounds

- polar solvent (such as water)

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8
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

Any molecule composed of carbon except carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide

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9
Q

Humans are made up of what % of carbon? What % of oxygen?

A

18% carbon

60% oxygen

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10
Q

What is a chemical compound?

A

a mixture of 2 or more elements in fixed proportions (NOT A MOLECULE)

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11
Q

What is an element?

A

any substance that cannot be broken down by normal chemical means into another substance.

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12
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest particle of an element that cannot be divided without losing properties of that element. (smallest electrically neutral unit of an element)

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13
Q

What are the three energy states and how many electrons do they each hold?

A

K (first energy state) 2 electrons
L (second energy state) 8 electrons
M (third energy state) 8 electrons

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14
Q

living things are primarily comprised of what elements?

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Sulfur
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15
Q

What is a molecule?

A

the smallest electronically neutral structural unit of an element or compound; consists of atoms bonded together with strong (covalent or ionic) bonds

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16
Q

Atoms tend to be inert when…

A

their outer shell (valence shell) is full.

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17
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

a potential answer to a question. (an explanation of a natural phenomenon or a set of observations of the real world.)

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18
Q

A hypothesis that passes many tests becomes..

A

a confirmed hypothesis.

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19
Q

What is the first principle of scientific thought?

A

all hypotheses must be tested and discarded if they either

  • are shown to be logically inconsistent
  • fail to fit evidence from the real world
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20
Q

What is a theory?

A

What we know to be true about the real world.

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21
Q

What is the primary goal of science?

A

to produce theory

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22
Q

What are tissues?

A

a group of cells that come together to perform a function.

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23
Q

What are organs?

A

A group of tissues that work together for a specific function. (identifiable)

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24
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate group
5 carbon sugar (ribose, deoxyribose)
nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, thymine)

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25
Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?
Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
26
Which nitrogenous bases are purines?
Guanine, adenine
27
What kind of bond holds nucleotides together?
phosphdiester bond
28
DNA has what kind of charge?
a strong negative charge
29
How wide is a double helix?
2.0 nanometers
30
What is the distance between bases in DNA?
0.34 nanometers
31
What is the length of one spiral in DNA
3.4 nanometers
32
If RNA forms a double helix with DNA, it creates...
a hybrid nucleic acid
33
What is a peptide?
an amino acid
34
draw a non ionized amino acid
see example sheet under non ionized amino acid
35
draw an ionized amino acid
see example sheet under ionized amino acid.
36
What is a polypeptide?
A chain of amino acids
37
What is a protein?
A polypeptide that is long enough to fold around itself forming a blob. (starts around 80 amino acids)
38
How long is a typical protein? The longest known protein?
typically 250 amino acids | longest 8000 amino acids
39
describe a prokaryote.
No nucleus no membrane bound organelles no cytoskeleton
40
What are the fundamental cell structures?
ribosomes
41
What do ribosomes do?
construct proteins in all known cells
42
How is DNA stored in bacteria?
It is one long circle that is supercoiled (like twisting one end of a rubber band)
43
What is the function of the nucleus?
- Store genetic information - assembly of ribosome subunits - structural support
44
What is the function of rough ER?
protein synthesis and processing
45
What is the function of smooth ER?
Lipid synthesis
46
What is the function of golgi apparatus?
protein processing (ie glycosylation)
47
What is the function of lysosomes?
Digestion | recycling
48
What is the function of peroxisomes?
oxidation of fatty acids, ethanol, and other compounds
49
What is the function of mitochondria?
ATP production
50
What is the function of vacuoles?
coloration | storage of oils, carbohydrates, water and toxins
51
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Production of ATP and sugars by photosynthesis
52
What is the function of cytoskeleton?
Structural support | movement of materials
53
What is the function of plasma membrane?
selective permeability maintains intracellular environment
54
What is the function of cell wall?
protection, structural support
55
What are alleles?
different versions of the same genes
56
How many chromosomes does a human cell have? How many does it need?
Has 46. Needs a set of 23, but we have two sets one from each parent.
57
What is mitosis?
division of a cell nucleus
58
what is meiosis?
process by which diploid cells become haploid.
59
What is a fertilized egg called?
zygote
60
what is the stage of embryonic development after a zygote?
cleavage stage
61
A ball of cells formed from a zygote is called..
a morula
62
the morula secretes chloride inside to create...
a blastula
63
What is the stage of embryonic development after a blastula?
gastrula
64
A gastrula is made up of three layers called
Ectoderm-creates outside covering of body endoderm- creates lining for the interior of the body. mesoderm- creates muscles and bones.
65
For a cell to undergo mitosis, how many checkpoints must it pass?
4
66
What is apoptosis?
genetically programmed cell death

BIO 181 (1 decks)

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