Exam 1 Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 things that describe inflammatory response?
A
Localized
Immediate
Beneficial
Non-specific
2
Q
Why does the inflammatory response occur?
A
Establishes an environment suitable for repair in response to injury
3
Q
What are the 2 types of inflammatory response?
A
Vascular Response
Cellular Response
4
Q
What is vascular response?
A
Immediate vasodilation (brings blood to the area)
5
Q
What is cellular response?
A
cells migrating to the cite of injury
6
Q
What are the 2 types of medical mediators?
A
prostaglandins and histamines
7
Q
What are prostaglandins?
A
release of these cause vasodilation
8
Q
What is vasodilation?
A
expanding the blood vessels, decreasing blood pressure
9
Q
What are histamines?
A
key chemical mediator that dilates the blood vessels
10
Q
What are the 5 properties of inflammatory response?
A
heat Erythema (redness) Edema (swelling) Pain Loss of cunction
11
Q
What is acute inflammatory response?
A
healing occurs in 2 to 3 weeks, no residual damage
12
Q
What is chronic inflammatory response?
A
response that lasts for years, such as an autoimmune disease
13
Q
What is a normal WBC count?
A
5,000-10,000
14
Q
What are 2 abnormal lab datas in inflammatory response?
A
ESR and C-relative protein
15
Q
Why would ESR be abnormal lab data in the inflammatory response?
A
it increases with acute and chronic inflammation
16
Q
Why wold C-relative protein being abnormal lab data in the inflammatory response?
A
Not usually present in the blood but rises in response to inflammation
17
Q
Will acetaminophen stop inflammation?
A
no only helps with pain + fever
18
Q
What is prostaglandin inhibition do?
A
decrease inflmammation
19
Q
What does analgesia do?
A
decreases pain
20
Q
What is the antipyretic effect?
A
decreases fever
21
Q
What is platelet aggregation?
A
bleeding
22
Q
What is toradol given for?
A
kidney stones
23
Q
How does prednisone decrease inflammation?
A
inhibits prostaglandin
24
Q
What is a big side effect of prednisone?
A
suppresses immune system, huge risk of rinfection
25
Is inflammation always present with infection?
Yes
26
Is infection always present with inflammation?
no
27
What is an infection?
an invasion of the body by a pathogen
28
What is vancomycin?
an antibiotic used for CDIF (only works in intestines)
29
What is an antigen?
a foreign substance that invades the body
30
What are B cells?
antibody mediated response, binds to antigens
31
What are T cells?
cell mediated response
32
What is innate immunity?
non-specific (fever, inflammatory response)
33
What are the 3 associations with electrolyte and fluid imbalances?
heart failure
injury
therapeutic measures (IV fluids/diuretics)
34
What two things should the nurse monitor to indicate fluid and electrolyte balances?
baseline vitals
| lab tests
35
What is simple diffusion?
movement of molecules from high to low concentration
36
What is facilitated diffusion?
use carrier to move molecules
37
What is active transport?
process in which molecules move against concentration gradient
38
What is osmosis?
movement of water against a concentration gradient
39
What is osmotic pressure?
amount of pressure required to stop osmotic flow of water
40
What is hydrostatic pressure?
blood pressure generated by heart contraction
41
What grade is first spacing fluid spacing?
normal
42
What grade is second spacing fluid spacing?
edema
43
What are 2 porpoises of IV fluids?
maintenance of oral intake
| replacement of fluid loss
44
What are hypotonic fluids?
more water than electrolytes
45
What would you monitor for in a hypotonic patient?
monitor of changes in mentation
46
What 3 things would you monitor in a hypertonic patient?
blood pressure, lung sounds, serum sodium levels
47
What is a third space shift?
increased capillary permeability due to injury, when intravascular fluid leaks into interstitial space
48
What is more common? fluid volume deficit or fluid volume excess?
fluid volume deficit
49
Does a client loose weight with extracellular fluid volume shift?
no
50
What does Na+ do in the body? (4 things)
transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, assists with acid/base balance, aldosterone in the kidney
51
What is hyponatremia?
abnormally low sodium levels
52
What are some signs and symptoms of hyponatremia and hypernatremia?
tachycardia, weakness, confusion, seizures, compa
53
What is hypernatremia?
high sodium levels
54
What are nursing interventions to hyponatremia and hypernatremia?
monitor labs, control sodium and water intake, monitor cardiac rhythm, fall precautions and seizure precautions
55
What are the uses for Calcium?
muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses
cofactor for blood clotting
keeps cell membranes stable and permeable
56
What is the lab value for Ca+?
8.5-10.5
57
What is the lab value for Na+?
135-145
58
What is hypocalcemia?
not enough calcium
59
What is hypercalcemia?
too much calcium
60
What are nursing implications with a patient with hypocalcemia?
Cardiac monitor, ensure safety, high in calcium foods, oral or IV calcium
61
What are nursing implications with a patient with hypercalcemia?
increase fluid intake, educate client about dietary restrictions
62
What is the lab value for K+?
3.5-5.0
63
What does potassium do for the body?
maintains excitability of nerves and muscles
| maintenance of cardiac rhythms
64
What is hypokalemia?
not enough potassium (K+)
65
What is hyperkalemia?
too much potassium (K+)
66
What is an important side effect of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?
life threatening cardiac dysthrythmias
67
What are some nursing interventions for hypokalemia?
monitor K+ levels, cardiac monitor, infuse K+ via IV slowly and monitor
68
What are some nursing interventions for hyperkalemia?
limit potassium, cardiac monitoring, IV glucose or insulin, albuterol nebulizer, diuretics
69
What is the lab value for mg?
1.5-2.5
70
What is hypo magnesium?
not enough magensium
71
What is hyper magnesium?
excessive mg intake
72
What are side effects of hypo magnesium?
elevated BP, tachycardia, seizures, decreased RR
73
What are nursing implications for hypomganesium?
extreme caution if impaired renal function, must be 16 years old to give IV mg
74
What are nursing implications for hyper magnesium?
cardiac monitoring, monitor mg+ levels
75
What is the normal value for pH?
7.35-7.45
76
What is the normal value for PaCO2?
35-45
77
What is the normal value for HCO3?
22-26
78
PCAO reflects...
respiratory
79
HCO3 reflects....
metabolic
80
What is the normal P02 range?
>80%
81
Decrease in pH means....
acidosis
82
Respiratory means
if the PaCO2 is off
83
Metabolic means..
if the HCO is off
84
Increase in pH means...
alkalosis
85
Partial compensation
pH normal range
86
What are the two ranges that are off in respiratory acidosis?
pH is lowered
| PaCO2 is higher
87
What are the two ranges that are off in metabolic acidosis?
pH is lower
| HCO2 is lower
88
What are the two ranges that are off in respiratory alkalosis?
pH is higher
| PaCO2 is lower
89
What are the two ranges that are off in metabolic alkalosis?
pH is higher
| HCO2 is higher
90
What are manifestations of acidosis?
lethargy to coma, bradycardia, hyperkalemia and hypercalcemia
91
What are manifestations of alkalosis?
anxiety, irritability, tachycardia, hypoklameia and hypocalcemia
92
What is the #1 treatment for metabolic acidosis?
sodium bicarbonate IV
93
What is the #1 treatment for metabolic alkalosis?
sodium and KCL replacement
94
What is the #1 treatment for respiratory acidosis?
improve ventilation
95
What is the #1 treatment for respiratory alkalosis?
rebreathing mask
96
What are 4 manifestations of hypoxemia?
restlessness
increased anxiety
inappropriate behavior
increased pulse and blood pressure
97
What are 3 correlations between COPD and smoking?
white people
blue collar workers
less formal education
98
What is the pathway of airway?
trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli
99
What is COPD?
a condition that makes it difficultly to move air out of a person's lungs
100
What is emphysema?
airways collapse due to damage to the lungs
101
What is the physical sign of chronic bronchitis?
blue bloater
102
What is the physical sign of emphysema?
pink puffers
103
What is the general appearance of COPD? 5 things
```
tripod position
pursed lipped breathing
use of accessory muscles
club fingers
barrel chest
```
104
What does spirometry measure?
the volume of air exhaled in a defined period of time
105
What is forced vital capacity?
the largest amount of air that you can forcefully exhale after breathing deeply as you can
106
What is forced expiratory volume?
how much you can force from your lungs in one second
107
What is a short acting anticholinergic?
atrovent inhaler
108
What is a long acting anticholinergic?
spiriva
109
What is a short acting b2 adrenergic agonist?
albuterol
110
What is a long acting b2 adrenergic agonist?
servant
