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Bio 123 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Theory

A

Idea supported with evidence over and over

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2
Q

Evolution

A

How things change over time

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3
Q

What is an ex of physical evidence of evolution

A

Fossils

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4
Q

(T/F) DNA/ genes change over time

A

T

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5
Q

Darwin in the 1800s– during this period they thought 3 things

A

1- god put all species here as is and they don’t change
2- Though the Earth was young
3- We were given dominion of all life

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6
Q

What is another word for descent with modification?

A

natural selection

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7
Q

(T/F) Evolution can be defined as both a pattern and a process

A

T

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8
Q

(T/F) Natural selection cannot define evolution

A

F

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9
Q

Adaptation

A

Train that helps you to survive for that environment

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10
Q

(T/F)- Humans are examples of specialists in adaptation

A

F- humans are generalists

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11
Q

Ex of specialists in adaptation

A

Panda bears- in china bc only place where bamboo is

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12
Q

(T/F) adaptation can be temporary, can change

A

T

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13
Q

According to linneaus’ naming system, everything has genius and species– what are we called?

A

Homo sapiens

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14
Q

What are the 3 major domains of life?

A

archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes

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15
Q

Morphology

A

what you look like

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16
Q

(T/F) to be a fossil, the object must be older than 5,000 years

A

F- 10,000 years

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17
Q

(T/F) Somethings leave better fossils than others

A

T

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18
Q

(T/F) things left on the surface make for better fossils

A

F- must be buried quickly

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19
Q

Mating ritual courtship example. What does this show?

A

blue footed boobie ex– behaviors can be adapted too, adaptations are not just physical xtures

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20
Q

We need _______ as well as _________ for natural selection to occur

A

adaptations, genetic variations

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21
Q

(T/F) individuals get adapted/ evolve over time

A

F- individuals are either born adapted or they’re not

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22
Q

(T/F) populations evolve over time

A

T

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23
Q

What do you need in order to be considered biologically fit?

A

Need a lot of surviving offspring

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24
Q

(T/F) we are the only species who can intervene with our survival

A

T- we can trump nature with medicine

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25
artificial selection
selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits
26
(T/F) natural selection is based on artificial selection
T--?? confused
27
Explain how 60 years ago we started using penicillin and we already have resistant bacteria
- mutation that gives advantage over that antibiotic. Need a new resistant variant to pass on its DNA - Also conjugation, transduction, translation.... - We made resistance by over using and over prescribing antibiotics
28
What is coevolution
When 1 or more species evolve together
29
(T/F) coevolution is a good thing, and not bad.
F- can be good or bad
30
What's an ex of mutualism in co evolution? What kind of relationship is this?
plant and praying mantus-- plant gets fertilized and mantus can camouflage. -Also called symbiotic relationship
31
What happens in bioevolution?
If you eat high up on the food chain, you all all other things in it too.
32
3 broad observations darwin explained
1- the unity of life --> we're all connected in some way. If you mess with one thing, it will affect others 2- the diversity of life --> lots of variety 3- the match bw organism and their environment
33
What does an evolutionary tree show?
shows relationship and time
34
(T/F) On an evolutionary tree, the thing on the top and thing on the on the bottom are most closely related
F- least closely related
35
(T/F) Evolution and natural selection make perfect things
F- they make something perfect for now (well-adapted) in this environment but that can change at any time.
36
4 pieces of evidence to support theory or evolution
1- direct observation 2- homology 3-fossils 4- biogeography
37
ex of direct observation (as evidence of theory of evolution)
-we observed bacteria changing over time with antibiotic resistance
38
homology (as evidence of theory of evolution) - what does homology refer to? - exs?
- homology refers to structures, organs and molecular xtures (AAs, proteins, DNA) --> so can by physical, physiological, and molecular - means similarly resulting from common ancestors
39
What does comparative embryology reveal about anatomical homologues? -ex?
that they're not visible in adult organisms. | -Ex- all vertebrate embryos have post-anal tail and pharyngeal arches.
40
vestigial homologues | -ex
- leftovers, remnants | - ex-- wisdom teeth-- this is evolution you can see in humans
41
DNA homologues ex
cytochrome C-- everything has this but each indiv has different AA sequences
42
Why do some things leave better fossils than others?
- get buried quickly - have hard body parts (endo- or exoskeleton) - they're large - a lot of them on planet - on planet for long time
43
(T/F) The fossil record is bias but complete
F- bias AND INcomplete
44
Biogeography (as evidence of the theory of evolution) | -what theory does this include?
-study of geographic distribution of species | includes theory of plate tectonics/ continental drift
45
(T/F) Earth is marked by more change than stability
T
46
(T/F) Today on Earth we are in the 5th major extinction event, all because of us
F- 6th major extinction event
47
microevolution
change in pop over time
48
Macroevolution
change in whole species over time
49
3 types of microevolution that cause change in allele freq over time?
1- natural selection 2-genetic drift 3- gene flow
50
natural selection
-adaptations that help you survive and you pass it to your offspring so they survive
51
what is a mutation simply
change in DNA
52
What causes mutations?
carcinogens, mutagens, radiation, errors in transcription and translation
53
What kind of mutations don't affect outcome of AA coded for?
silent mutations
54
point mutation
changes single base via substitution, insertion or deletion
55
(T/F) A silent mutation can be a point mutation
T
56
Ex of a point mutation
sickle cell anemia-- still make RBC, just not proper RBC
57
3 variations in sexual reproduction
1- crossing over (prophase I) 2- independent assortment 3- random fertilization
58
5 major ways you get genetic variation | -which ons is the only one that's constantly adaptive?
``` 1- natural selection- *Only one that's constantly adaptive 2- genetic drift 3- gene flow 4- non random mating 5- mutation ```
59
Non-random mating
not every indiv has an equal chance to reproduce
60
What causes non-random mating in plants?
- where it's placed (locality) | - issues with pollination
61
(T/F) some plants have mating rituals, some dont
T
62
(T/F) all plants are hermaphrodites
F- some of them
63
(T/F) There is never dimorphism in plants
F- somethings there is
64
(T/F) in plant mating rituals typically there's a male and female, but not always
T
65
(T/F) why are females the ones that choose mates?
bc eggs are harder to come by, sperm is a dime dozen.
66
Why is intrasexual competition as an ex of non-random mating
-mating territories in males. They also fight for females-- they want to show big, they don't want to actually fight
67
(T/F) The rates of mutation are high in animals & plants (euks)
F- low rate
68
Why are the rates of mutation low in animals and plants (euks)
- sexual recomb more important | - for proks, mutations are more imp bc don't rely on sexual recomb
69
Order these in the amount of mutations present from low to high viruses, euks, proks
euks
70
species =
can reproduce and have fertile offspring
71
population =
local geographic group of a same species
72
ex of population
deer that live in fairmount park vs deer in poconos--- same deer, just live in diff places
73
gene pool =
all the diff alleles for a population
74
(T/F) Genetic drift happens in large pops
F- small pops
75
(T/F) Genetic drift leads to endangered species
T
76
2 effects of genetic drift
- bottle neck effect | - founder effect
77
bottle neck effect
- effect of genetic drift | - population is dramatically reduced --> results in loss of genetic diversity
78
Founder effect - 2 exs - what does it cause
-effect of genetic drift -causes lethal recessive alleles ex1 -Amish closely related genetically ex2- Royal family we see hemophilia
79
geneflow -what does it have to do with? what does it cause?
- Has to do with migration | - this mixes up the gene pool --> causes less diversity and a more homogenous pop
80
(T/F) A phenotype is always something you can see
F- not always | ex- blood type
81
What causes phenotypes?
genotypes and also environmental factors

Bio 123 (3 decks)

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