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Chem Davis > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

biology

A

the science of hoe life works

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2
Q

observation

A

the act of viewing life around us

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3
Q

experimentation

A

a disciplined and controlled way of asking and answering questions about the world in an unbiased manner

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4
Q

hypothesis

A

observations and the questions they raise allow us to propose tentative questions that are observations

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5
Q

scientific method

A

observations > hypothesis > predictions > experiments/new observations > theory

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6
Q

theory

A

a general explanation of the world supported by a large body of experiments and observations

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7
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy can neither be created nor destroyed- it can only be transformed from one form into another

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8
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

the degree of disorder in the universe tends to increase

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9
Q

entropy

A

the quantified amount of disorder in a system

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10
Q

cell

A

the simplest entity that can exist as an independent unit of life

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11
Q

protiens

A

key structural and functional molecules that do the work of the cell- provide structural support and act as catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions

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12
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

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13
Q

transcription

A

the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template; copying of information from one form to another

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14
Q

translation

A

after transcription, specialized molecular structures within the cell read the RNA molecule to determine what building blocks to use to create a protien

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15
Q

central dogma

A

the pathway from DNA to RNA (specifically to form mRNA) to protein- describes the basic flow of information in a cell

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16
Q

gene

A

the DNA sequence that corresponds to a specific protein product

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17
Q

replicated

A

a feature of DNA that allows it to be easily copied, allowing genetic information to be passed from cell to cell or from one organism to its progeny

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18
Q

mutations

A

errors in DNA that occur during replication

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19
Q

plasma membrane

A

separates the living material within the cell from the nonliving envoirnment around it

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20
Q

nucleus

A

houses the cell’s DNA

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21
Q

cytoplasm

A

discrete space that nucleus occupies within the cell

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22
Q

prokaryotes

A

cells w/o a nucleus

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23
Q

eukaryotes

A

cells with a nucleus

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24
Q

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

A

3 domains of life

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25
metabolism
chemical reactions that cells use to convert energy from one form to another and to build and break down molecules
26
evolution
change over time
27
envoirnmental variation
variation among individuals is sometimes due to differences in the environment
28
genetic variation
differences in genes that are transmitted from parents to their offspring
29
tree of life
the full set of evolutionary relationships among all organisms
30
ecology
the study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment in nature
31
characteristics of living organisms
complex able to change in response to the environment able to reproduce have the capacity to evolve
32
essential features of a cell
can store and transmit information has a plasma membrane can harness energy from the environment
33
virus vs cell
viruses cannot harness energy from the environment
34
elements
pure substances that cannot be broken down further
35
molecules
substances made up of two or more atoms
36
chemical bond
a form of attraction between atoms that holds them together
37
valence electrons
electrons in the outermost orbitals of an atom
38
covalent bond
formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons in a molecular orbital
39
electronegativity
the ability of an atom to attract electrons
40
polar covalent bond
when electrons are shared unequally between 2 atoms
41
hydrogen bond
the interaction of a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom. weaker than covalent bonds
42
ionic bond
attraction of opposite charges
43
polar molecule
a molecule (like water) that has regions of positive and negative charge
44
hyrdophilic
"water loving" molecules
45
hydrophobic
"water fearing" molecules
46
solvent
capable of dissolving many substances
47
hydrophobic effect
polar molecules (like water) exclude nonpolar ones
48
double bond
two adjacent carbon atoms that share two pairs of electrons
49
isomers
molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structures
50
nucleic acids
encode and transmit genetic information
51
carbohydrates
provide a source of energy and make up the cell wall in plants, bacteria, and algae
52
lipids
make up cell membranes, store energy, and act as signaling molecules all lipids are hydrophobic
53
polymers
complex molecules made up of repeated simpler units connected by covalent bonds
54
amino acids
nucleic acids made up of nucleotides
55
nucleotides
form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA
56
enzymes
proteins that function of catalysts that accelerate the rates of chemical reactions
57
the nucleus
made up of positively charged particles called protons and electrically neutral particles called neutrons. negatively charged particles move around the ___
58
orbital
defined region of space where an electron is most of the time
59
water
medium of life polar molecule w partial positive charge at hydrogens and partial negative charge at oxygens pH of 7 able to resist temperature change more than other substances bc in order for its temp to increase, hydrogen bonds must first break
60
4 major elements
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
61
carbon atom
behaves as if it has four unpaired electrons
62
nucleotides
___ are made up of 3 components 1 a five-carbon sugar 2 a base containing nitrogen 3 one or more phosphate groups
63
what are the bases in nucleic acids?
single ring pyrimidines (T,C,U) & double ring purines (A,G)
64
adjacent pairs of nucleotides are joined together by ___
phosphoditer bonds
65
what is the structure of DNA?
- two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other in the form of a double helix - The sugar phosphate backbones wrap around the outside and the bases form complementary base-pairing A-T, G-C. - The base pairing in the middle results from hydrogen bonding between the bases.
66
Monosaccharides are attached to one another by covalent bonds called ___
glycosidic bonds
67
fatty acids
long chains of carbons attached to a carboxyl group at one end
68
steroids
composed of many carbon atoms bonded to form rings
69
phospholipids
composed of a glycerol backbone, two fatty-acid chains, and a phosphate-containing head group
70
Triacylglycerol
lipid used for energy storage | hydrophobic
71
saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids
Fatty acids that do not contain double bonds are saturated (w hydrogen atoms) Fatty acids with carbon-carbon double bonds are unsaturated
72
___ of fatty acids contain no polar covalent bonds, and are uncharged.
hydrocarbon chains

Chem Davis (1 decks)

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