Exam 1 Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
what are the 3 perceptual characteristics of sound, and what are their physical correlates?
A
- Pitch = frequency
- loudness/intensity = amplitude
- quality/timbre = harmonic constitution or waveform
2
Q
How is pitch (frequency) measured? This is a description of?
A
- Hertz (number of vibrations per second)
- the speed at which molecules are moving
3
Q
with frequency, one “vibration” consists of what? explain
A
- one compression AND rarefaction cycle
(energy travels through the air, one molecule is displaced forward [compression] and back [rarefaction], which sets the next molecule into motion, and so on and so forth).
4
Q
- A period = ____ cycles
- period is measured in?
A
1
- seconds
5
Q
on a sine wave, the straight horizontal line represents what?
A
equilibrium
6
Q
- more cycles per second means?
- less cycles per second results in?
A
- higher frequency
- lower frequency
7
Q
frequency is determined by what four things
A
- size of the sound source
- material or composition of the source
- shape of the source
- manner in which the sound source is set into motion
8
Q
what is an octave?
A
interval between any two notes in which the ratio of frequencies of the notes is 2:1
9
Q
Middle C on the piano has a frequency of 261 Hz
- C one octave above Middle C would be ____ Hz
A
522
10
Q
- an average male voice frequency = ?
- an average female voice frequency = ?
A
- 130 Hz
- 210 Hz
11
Q
do male and female voices fall above or below Middle C?
A
BELOW
12
Q
Loudness/Intensity is measure in?
- what is this measurement describing?
A
- decibels (dB)
- amount of energy expended
13
Q
So the greater energy produced, the ____ the sound
- give an example
A
LOUDER
- whispering = not alot of energy
- yelling = using a lot of energy to really get the air molecules moving
14
Q
So with a sine wave, what will tell us about the intensity?
A
how far the wave is from equilibrium
- taller wave = louder
15
Q
See pic of two sounds of same frequency with different intensity
A
slide 10
16
Q
quality/harmonic constitution/waveform refers to what?
A
the combination of sounds
17
Q
Explain quality simpler
- so the physical aspect that has to change is?
A
- Mrs. O and Jyn could have the same intensity and loudness, but they clearly sound different
- this is the result of sounds LAYERING = QUALITY
- the harmonic constitution/waveform
18
Q
quality is determined by what different types of tones?
A
pure and complex
19
Q
what is a pure tone? example?
A
- one frequency
- tuning form
20
Q
what is a complex tone?
A
- its principal component is one frequency (fundamental frequency)
- it also has components with frequencies which are exact multiples
- *combination of f1 and harmonies above and below it
21
Q
So for Middle C, the f1 is 261 Hz
- what is f2? f3? f4?
A
- 522 Hz
- 783 Hz
- 1044 Hz
22
Q
Quality: periodic sounds are produced with (related to how do they sound to listener)? produced in what type of pattern?
A
- harmonics or overtones which are pleasant and less dissonant to the listener
- produced in a continuous, regular pattern
23
Q
What has to happen for a periodic sound to occur?
A
- the vibratory bodies have sufficient mass and elasticity to create repeated vibrations
24
Q
what type of phoneme is more periodic?
A
vowel
25
explain an aperiodic sound
- no harmonic relationship
- can have components at ALL frequencies
- transient vibrations which start and stop very SUDDENLY
- patterns of vibration are not repeated
26
an aperiodic sound may be the result of?
turbulent air that is continuous but random
27
which phonemes are more aperiodic?
consonants
| - thin of /sh/, /s/ =sound more like noise = messy/complex
28
Is speech periodic or aperiodic?
it has both periodic and aperiodic COMPLEX sounds
29
example of how some consonants sound more periodic than others
/r/ more periodic than /s/
30
See example pic of periodic vs. aperiodic sound
slide 17
31
what will a periodic voice sound like? an aperiodic voice?
- clear, non-harsh
| - rough, harsh
32
voice therapy may target changes in? give an example of each
- frequency (ex/ male's voice too high)
- intensity (ex/ vf scarring can affect ability to project)
- quality (ex/ mass in neck/vfs/cancer)
33
speech occurs as a result of what processes?
- respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation
34
Respiration produces what?
| - is the source of?
- airstream
| - STRENGTH for the voice
35
problems with respiration may occur due to?
conflict between:
- need to replenish the O2 supply
- speaking or singing demands for respiration
36
respiration for speech and singing requires?
| - what activates the vfs?
- sustained exhalation
| - sustained exhalation
37
Trained speakers and singers gain what with respiration?
more conscious control over it
38
control of respiration must be consistent with? give example
physiology of the singer/speaker
- if working with a medically complex person who has significant vocal intensity issues, but is medically unstable/can barely breathe, probably not going to focus on intensity (physiological boundaries)
39
Components of the respiratory tract? (to the larynx)
1. Nose/mouth
2. Nasopharynx/oropharynx from velum to surface of epiglottis
3. Hyopharynx: bottom of epiglottis to the UES muscle
4. Larynx
- ventricular folds (false)
- vocal folds
40
Respiratory tract after larynx?
1. Trachea
2. Tracheal bifurcation
3. Bronchial tubes
4. Bronchioles
5. Alveolar sacs
41
3 main structures of respiration
1. Ribs
- connected to 12 thoracic vertebrae
- intercostal muscles
2. Rib cage wall
3. Diaphragm
42
what does the rib cage wall do on inhalation and exhalation?
- expands
| - collapses
43
primary muscle of respiratory control?
diaphragm
44
what happens to your diaphragm when you INHALE?
- it contracts, GOES DOWN, providing more room for you to breathe (increasing vertical space)
45
Inspiration occurs by? What does it cause?
- ACTIVE movement of muscles that enlarge the thoracic cavity
- thorax enlarges, lungs enlarge
46
Expiration is primarily?
a passive activity achieved through the passive collapse of the thoracic cavity, NOT by a muscle contraction
47
the collapse in expiration is due to?
the elasticity of the lungs
48
passive components of respiration? (2)
1. elasticity of lungs
| 2. little power or force needed for exhalation
49
active components of respiration? and how this relates to voice?
1. volitional muscle contractions change air flow
* ***use muscles of respiration intentionally to project voice
2. increase pressure at the glottis
* ***squeezing glottis to increase vocal power
50
pathologies that go with tightening the glottis?
contact ulcers, edema, vocal nodules
51
phonation begins when?
when air is exhaled and travels up from the lungs through the trachea
52
the structure that produced phonation?
LARYNX
53
the larynx is a? what does that mean?
valve
| - it's a structure in the body that temporarily closes to prevent the passage of materials
54
primary functions of the laryngeal valve? (3)
1. Protect the lungs
2. Set the thoracic cavity for greater strength in lifting & pushing
- (close of laryngeal valve temporarily to increase our pressure to help lift)
3. Prevent exhalation to build up pressure for COUGH to dislodge
55
larynx has intricate?
| - permits what? (2)
- neural controls
- vocal folds to approximate in valve-like fashion
- precise adjustments of muscles for pitch and intensity changes for SPEAKING AND SINGING
56
Why is the larynx capable of valving?
1. Fixed framework = laryngeal cartilages
2. abduction/adduction = intrinsic muscles
3. framework SUPPORT = extrinsic muscles
57
cartilages of the larynx? (6) know which have pairs and which don't
1. cricoid (1)
2. thyroid (1)
3. arytenoid (2)
4. cuneiform (2)
5. corniculate (2)
6. epiglottis (1)
58
cartilages of the larynx are interdependent by?
muscle action, ligament attachment
59
cartilages of the larynx are covered with? aka?
| - explain what it is and what it does
perichondrium
- conus elasticus
- white, leathery covering, adds stability, waxy appearance
60
which 4 cartilages function in the valve action?
1. cricoid
2. thyroid
3. arytenoid (2)
61
location of the cricoid cartilage?
- anteriorly?
- posteriorly?
complete ring superior to trachea
- anteriorly attached to thyroid cartilage by CRICOTHYROID ligament
- arytenoids are superior to back wall of the cricoid
62
cricoid provides?
a base for laryngeal structures
63
site of emergency tracheotomy?
crothyroid ligament?
64
thyroid is important for?
PROTECTION
65
thyroid is a large ____ that does what?
lamina
| - encloses larynx anteriorly and laterally
66
inferior horn of thyroid cartilage articulates with? superior horn attached to?
cricoid cartilage, hyoid bone
67
with muscle contraction, ____ and _____ cartilages do what?
thyroid & cricoid
| - rock forward, up, and back
68
what are the arynteoid cartilages and where they it located?
pyramid shaped structures located on the superior/posterior cricoid cartilage
69
what are the 3 different areas of the arytenoids? location of them?
1. vocal processes
- project forward
- attached to the posterior ends of vfs
2. muscular processes
- lateral projections
3. apices: medial posterior projections (top)
70
arytenoid cartilages are joined to?
the cricoid cartilage
71
what type of muscles cause the movements of the arytenoids?
intrinsic
72
explain the 3 basic movements of the aryetnoids that the intrinsic muscles cause?
1. rotate = ad/ab-duct vfs
2. slide = move out & down to open & close glottis
3. rock = tip backward & forward to change the length of the vfs
73
what are the corniculate cartilages? location? extend?
- small cone-spahed cartilages
- on apex of arytenoids
- extend into aryepiglottic folds
74
what are the cuneiform cartilages? location?
tiny cone or rod-shaped cartilage pieces
| - located UNDER the mucous membrane of the aryepiglottic folds
75
function of the cuneiform cartilages?
ADD STABILITY to the laryx
76
types of muscles of the larynx?
- extrinsic & intrinsic
77
what are extrinsic muscles?
- one attachment to LX and other to a structure external to Lx
78
functions of extrinsic muscles?
| - secondarily function in?
- gives LX support
- elevate or lower Lx position in the neck
- pitch changes
79
two primary types of extrinsic laryngeal muscles?
- elevators & depressors
80
function of elevators?
- lift lx during swallowing
| - slight lift of lx for singing high pitches
81
function of depressors?
- lower lx after swallowing
| - lower lx for low singing notes
82
another extrinsic laryngeal muscles (besides elevators & depressors)?
cricopharyngeus
83
functions of cricopharyngeus (2)
1. helps anchor larynx
| 2. neoglottis in esophageal speech (fake glottis for someone who doesn't havelarynx)
84
how many intrinsic muscles?
6
85
intrinsic muscles are responsible for changes in?
- condition of vfs
| - position of vfs
86
names of intrinsic muscles? know if they're paired or not
1. posterior cricoarytenoids (2)
2. lateral cricoarytenoids (2)
3. cricothyroids (2)
4. transverse arytenoid (1)
5. oblique arytenoids (2)
6. thyroarytenoids (2)
87
posterior cricoarytenoids function?
| - known as?
- rock arytenoids dorsally to OPEN the glottis
(the only ABductor muscles)
- safety muscles: open glottis for breathing
88
posterior cricoarytenoids are innervated by?
the recurrent laryngeal nerve
89
what do the lateral cricoarytenoids do?
| - to do what?
- PULL the muscular processes anteriorly AND the vocal processes MEDIALLY
- to approximate and slightly tense the vfs (ADduction)
90
when the LCAs approximate and slightly tense the vfs, this is ____?
medial compression
| - adduction for a phonatory posture
91
LCAs are innervated by?
inferior laryngeal nerve
92
2 portions of the cricothyroid?
- vertical (recta)
| - oblique (obliqua)
93
contraction of cricothyroids does what to cartilages?
| - which causes what?
- increases distance between thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
- stretches & tenses vfs (pitch goes up)
94
cricothyroids innervated by?
superior laryngeal nerve
95
transverse arytenoid contraction does what?
pulls the arytenoid cartilages together to approximate the vfs
96
what's unique about the transverse arytennoid?
- it's not a paired muscle
| - fibers wrap the arytenoids
97
transverse arytenoid innervated by the?
recurrent laryngeal nerve (bilaterally)
98
location of oblique arytenoid muscles?
- originate from the muscular process of one arytenoid cartilage and extend obliquely upward and across to the apex of the opposity arytenoid c. (criss cross)
- fibers continue obliquely to the lateral border of the epiglottis
99
contraction of the oblique arytenoids does what?
pulls arytenoids medially
100
thyroarytenoid muscles form?
the bulk of the muscular portion of the vfs
101
thyroarytenoid muscles do what? which causes?
- move arytenoids forward
- shortening the folds
- thickening the folds
102
thyroarytenoid muscles are antagonistic to?
cricothyroid
103
*****portions of thyroarytenoid muscles?
- lateral portion: thyromuscularis portion
| - medial portion: vocalis portion
104
differential tensing of what muscles provides phonatory control?
thyroarytenoids
105
location of the vocal ligament?
inner border of the vfs
| - originates at the anterior commissure and extends to the vocal process end of the arynteoids
106
vocal ligament appears to be?
"flapping" in the mucosal wave
107
vocal ligament composition? necessary for?
- more gelatinous than muscle fiber
| - normal vibration to occur
108
ventricular folds location? composition?
- above the true folds, above laryngeal ventricle
| - thick folds of mucous membrane which extend into airway (usually soft, passive structures)
109
do the ventricular folds approximate to vibrate?
they can under abnormal conditions
110
what is the laryngeal ventricle?
- it's the site of?
- serves as?
- deep indentation in the mucous membrane between false and true folds
- a generous supply of mucous glands to lubricate true folds
- a space in which the folds can move into during vibration
111
when is the larynx recognizable?
by the 3rd fetal month
112
when is the lx positioned at its highest point in the neck? location?
at birth
| - lower border of cricoid c. between 3rd and 4th vertebrae
113
what happens to lx when you're born?
begins to descend almost immediately
114
as the lx descends, what happens to your average pitch?
it decreases
115
by age 5, location of lx?
lowered to almost 7th cervical vertebrae
116
by adulthood, location of lx?
moved to lower edge of 7th vertebrae
117
increases in length of ____ contributes to lower F0
| - explain this
pharyngeal tube
| - longer tube resonates lower frequencies
118
what are the different types of infant cries?
birth cry, pain cry, hunger cry, pleasure cry
119
universal fact concerning laryngeal function
- true and false vocal folds respond differrentially depending upon the psycho-physiological state of the person
120
pain, stress, psychiatric illness - what happens to voice?
- tight effort closure
- strained quality
- tense quality
- harsh quality
121
pleasant experiences - what happens to voice?
- more relaxed
- lack strain or tension
- melodic
122
F0 at birth?
500 Hz
123
most notable change in f0 occurs when?
from birth to puberty
124
Avg F0 of 7-8 y/os?
280 Hz
125
a frequency range range = ?
2 and 1/2 octaves
126
avg age of puberty for males and females?
- 13 to 15 males
| - 12-14 females
127
what happens to male larynx during puberty?
it outgrows the female larynx, esp in the anterior-posterior dimension
128
does a male or a female's larynx increase in size more during puberty?
MALE
129
laryngeal changes during puberty
- angle of thyroid increases (greater increase in males)
- larynx descends
- neck elongates
- thoracic expansion
(increases vital capacity, greater increase in males)
130
what occurs during puberty? AKA? what's it mean?
- transient dysphonia
- stormy mutation period
- characterized by sudden voice breaks, harsh or hoarse quality
131
through age 69, what happens to male voice?
general downward trend
132
20-29 yrs f0 for male and female
male - 130
| female - 210
133
60-69 years f0 for male and female
- 112
| - female: 1.6 times higher than male
134
factors which contribute to voice changes in older adults (7)
- muscular atrophy
- thinning and dehydration of the mucosa
- loss of elasticity of ligaments
- calcifications of cartilages
- flaccidity
- bowing of the vocal folds: breathy, reduced voice
- edema
135
older adults (69+) f0 male and female
- male RISES to 130-160 Hz
| - female DROPS to 170 to 200 Hz
136
what is responsible for vf vibration?
- mucosal wave
137
what structures create the mucosal wave?
- 2 layers of tissue over vocalis portion of thyroarytenoid m.
1) cover (1st layer) - epithelium, superficial lamina propria (Reinke's space)
2) Transition (2nd layer) - intermediate lamina propria, deep laimina propria
138
how do the 2 layers over the thyroarytenoid produce the wave?
- "wave" travels across 2/3 superior surface of vf
- "moving cover" of vocalis portion produces "wave"
****2 layers slide over each other to produce wave
