Exam 1

Question 1

Emperor Kangxi

Answer 1

survives smallpox and mandates variolation in China

Question 2

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

Answer 2

Brings Variolation to England

Question 3

Cotton Mather (with Dr. Boylston)

Answer 3

Variolated people in America. Knock on doors and run method.

Question 4

Thucydides

Answer 4

Greek who differed between innate resistance and acquired adaptive immunity

Question 5

Muhammad Ibn Zakariyá Rázï

Answer 5

Observed specific protection against different diseases (smallpox vs measles)

Question 6

Edward Jenner

Answer 6

Hypothesized that cowpox inoculation (vaccination) could protect from smallpox

Question 7

Benjamin Waterhouse

Answer 7

Vaccinates children against smallpox and encourages President to initiate public vaccinate programs.

Question 8

President Thomas Jefferson

Answer 8

Implemented public vaccination programs

Question 9

Ludwig Panum

Answer 9

Observed measles outbreak on remote island and saw that immunity was lifelong

Question 10

Louis Pasteur

Answer 10

Develops vaccines for cholera, anthrax, and rabies. Discredits spontaneous generation theory of life and identifies that microorganisms cause specific diseases

Question 11

Paul Ehrlich

Answer 11

Coined term antibodies. Found that mice injected with toxins develop immunity. Resistance is transferred via breast milk. Differentially stained WBC to distinguish leukocytes from lymphocytes.

Question 12

Emil von Behring and Kitasato Shibasaboro

Answer 12

invented DTap and showed that immunity could be transferred from host in serum.

Question 13

Ilya Mechnikoc

Answer 13

Proposes cells are basis for immunity. Saw WBC engulfing bacteria

Question 14

Michael Heidelberger and Oswald Avery

Answer 14

Antibodies aer soluble proteins that could distinguish between diff pollysaccharides on different bacteria

Question 15

Niels Jerne, MacFarland Burnet, and David Talmage

Answer 15

Independly proposes Clonal Selection Hypothesis: Each immmune cells has a unique receptor that is specific for a different pathogen.

Question 16

James Gowans

Answer 16

Showed that lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph via thoracic duct. Also lymphocytes provide adaptive immunity.

Question 17

Bruce Glick, Robert Good, Max Cooper

Answer 17

B cells or from Bursa of Fabricus in chickens. T cells still develop without bursa of fabricus but not present in thymectomized chickens

Question 18

Graham Mitchell and Jacque Miller

Answer 18

Bone marrow cells could restor resistance to salmonella infection in radiated mice. Bone marrow could restore graph rejection but not if mice were thymectomized.

Question 19

Cristiane Nusselein-Volhard

Answer 19

Toll proteins direct embryonic cell differentiation

Question 20

Jules Hoffman

Answer 20

Different Toll genes cenferred resistance to fungi vs. bacteria

Question 21

Ruslan Medshitov and Charles Janeway

Answer 21

TLR4 induced inflammatory cytokines in human cells.

Question 22

Shizuo Akira

Answer 22

RIG-1 protein bound to dsRNA and triggered inflammatory response

Question 23

Michael Gale Jr.

Answer 23

Showed that RIG-1 protein made cells resistant to viral infection.

Question 24

Dana Philpott

Answer 24

NOD1 and NOD2 proteins recognize bacterial peptidoglycans

Question 25

Gabriel Nunez

Answer 25

Showed that NALP3 recognizes peptidoglycans

Question 26

Hans Buchner

Answer 26

observed that serum could kill bacteria, even if it had not anitbodies

Question 27

Jules Bordet

Answer 27

Discovered heat-sensitive component of serum could lyse bacteria. Heat insensitive component (antibodies) could enhance this activity (classical pathway).

Question 28

TLR 1/2 Combo

Answer 28

Recognizes triacyl lipoproteins (gram + bacteria)

Question 29

TLR 6/2 combo

Answer 29

Recognizes diacyl lipoproteins

Question 30

TLR 3

Answer 30

Recognizes doubles stranded RNA

Question 31

TLR 4 (w/MD-2)

Answer 31

Recognizes Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (bacteris)

Question 32

TLR 5

Answer 32

recognizes flagellin

Question 33

TLR 6

Answer 33

Recognizes lipoeptides (mycoplasma)

Question 34

TLR 7 & 8

Answer 34

Recognizes ssRNA (both)

Question 35

TLR 9

Answer 35

Recognizes CpG motics in dsDNA

Question 36

TLR 10

Answer 36

Recognizes UNKNOWN. Mystery TLR

Question 37

TLR 11 & TLR 12

Answer 37

recognize profilin (toxoplasma)

Question 38

TLR 13

Answer 38

recognizes ribosomal RNA

Question 39

Humans have how many TLR?

Answer 39

The first 10 only

Question 40

Through what pathway do most TLR signal?

Answer 40

Through the MyD88 protein.

Question 41

PAMP

Answer 41

Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern. Structure on Microbe that we will recongnize. Usually something hard for Microbe to change.

Question 42

PRR

Answer 42

Pattern Recognition Receptor. Receptor on cells that will recognize the PAMP

Question 43

Scavenger Receptor

Answer 43

Type of PRR for polysaccharides and lipoproteins. Mostly eats. Needs help to trigger response. Expressed outside and inside cell.

Question 44

Lectins

Answer 44

Type of PRR that recognizes polysaccharides of cell walls. Also eats and needs help to trigger signal. Mostly used for cell to cell contact and signalling. Phone operator.

Question 45

Toll Like Receptors (TLR)

Answer 45

Type of PRR that triggers response guarenteed. Recognizes stuff of microbes.

Question 46

RIG-I Receptors (RLR)

Answer 46

Type of PRR that is better for viruses. Recognizes nucleic acids from virus.

Question 47

NOD Like Receptors

Answer 47

Type of PRR that recognizes intracellular imbalances due to infection.

Question 48

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TFN)

Answer 48

Cytokine produced by TLR signalthat causes inflammation, cell recruitment and cell death

Question 49

Interleuking 12 (Il-12)

Answer 49

response to extracellular pathogens, inflammation, initiate adaptive response

Question 50

Type I Interferons (IFN-I)

Answer 50

response for intracellular pathogens, iniditation of adaptinve response

Question 51

Interleukin 6 (Il-6)

Answer 51

acts on hypothalamus to increase body temp.