Exam 1 Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 layers of the female reproductive tract?
A
Serosa
Muscularis
Submucosa
Mucosa
2
Q
What is mucosa lined with?
A
Secretory layer of epithelium
3
Q
What is the mucosa type dependent on?
A
Location/function of tract
4
Q
What is the oviduct made up of?
A
Ciliate and nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
5
Q
What does the submucosa do?
A
Houses blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
6
Q
What does the muscularis do? (2)
A
Gives ability to contract
Transportation of secretory products, gametes
7
Q
What is the serosa?
A
Single cell layer of squamous cells that cover the surface
8
Q
What are the functions of the broad ligament? (2)
A
Supports and suspends the reproductive tract
Houses vasculature, lymphatic drainage, and nerves
9
Q
What are the 3 components of the broad ligament?
A
Mesovarium
Mesosalpinx
Mesometrium
10
Q
What is the mesovarium?
A
The anterior portion that houses vessels and nerves that supply the ovary
11
Q
What is the mesosalpinx?
A
The part that surrounds and supports the oviduct.
Helps to orientate the oviduct to catch oocyte
12
Q
What is the mesometrium?
A
The largest portion that supports uterine horns and body
13
Q
What does the ovary do? (2)
A
Controls hormonal changes during estrous cycle due to its different structures
Houses oocytes prior to ovulation
14
Q
What hormones does the ovary control? (6)
A
Progesterone Estrogen Oxytocin Relaxin Inhibin Activin
15
Q
What are the 3 layers of the ovary?
A
Tunica albuginea
Ovarian cortex
Ovarian medulla
16
Q
What is the tunica albuginea?
A
Outer connective tissue covered with germinal epithelium
17
Q
What are the ovarian cortex’s functions? (2)
A
Houses oocytes, but not in mare
Houses corpora lutea and corpora albicantia
18
Q
What is the ovarian medulla’s function?
A
Houses the vasculature, nerves, and lymphatcis
19
Q
What is the ovarian medulla composed of?
A
Dense connective tissue
20
Q
Where is the ovarian medulla on the mare?
A
On the outside
21
Q
Where is the ovarian cortex on the mare?
A
On the inside
22
Q
Where does ovulation occur in the mare?
A
Ovulation fossa
23
Q
Can the CL be palpated per rectum? Follicles?
A
No
Yes
24
Q
What is the order of ovarian structures/follicles? (6)
A
Primordial Primary Secondary Antral/tertiary Graafian/dominant Ovulating
25
Describe the primordial follicle. (4)
Microscopic
Most immature
Oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells
Female born with all the primordial cells she will ever have
26
Describe the primary follicles. (3)
Slightly more mature
Surrounded by layer of cuboidal epithelium (follicle cells)
Follicles will either progress to the next stage or regress
27
Describe the Secondary follicles. (4)
Still microscopic
2 or more layers of follicle cells
No antrum
Surrounded by zona pellucida
28
Describe the antral follicle.
Antrum present
29
What is the antrum?
Follicular fluid filled cavity
30
Describe the graafian follicle. (3)
Visible to naked eye
Looks like a blister
Vary in size
31
Describe the ovulating follicle. (2)
Only a small percentage of primordial cells reach this stage
| The rest regress and become degenerate
32
What are the 3 layers of the antral follicle?
Theca Externa
Theca Interna
Granulosal cell layer
33
What is the theca externa?
Loose connective tissue that surrounds and supports the follicle
34
What does the theca interna produce?
Androgens under control of LH
35
What does the granulosal cell layer do? (3)
FSH receptors
Produce estrogen, inhibin, and follicular fluid
control oocyte maturation
36
What is the corpus hemorrhagicum also known as?
Bloody body
37
What is the function of the corpus hemorrhagicum?
Forms in the place where ovulation occurred
38
What is the corpus luteum also known as?
Yellow body
39
What does the CL do?
Produces progesterone
40
What is the corpus albicans also known as?
White body
41
What is the corpus albicans?
Scar issue after CL heals
42
What is the infundibulum?
The terminal end of the oviduct
43
What is the function of the infundibulum?
To catch the oocyte after ovulation
44
What is the infundibulum covered with? What does it do?
Fimbriae
| Increases the surface area and causes the whole infundibulum to cover the ovary at the time of ovulation
45
What is the ampulla?
Largest section that is the thick middle portion of the oviduct and the site of fertilization
46
What does the isthmus connect to? By what?
Uterus
| Uterotubal junction
47
What does the ampullary-isthmic junction do in a horse?
Allow fertilized ova to pass through
48
What is the oviduct?
Muscularis that transports oocytes and sperm to the site of fertilization
49
What does the uterus connect together?
The oviduct and cervix
50
What are the difference uteri classifications? (4)
Duplex
Bicornuate (poorly to moderately developed0
Bicornuate (highly developed)
Simple
51
What are the functions of the uterus? (5)
```
Sperm transport
Luteolysis and control of cyclicity
Environment for reattachment embryo
Maternal contribution to placenta
Expulsion of the fetus and fetal placenta
```
52
What are the 3 layers of the uterus?
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
53
Describe the perimetrium. (2)
Serosal layer
| Thin and almost transparent
54
What is the function of the myometrium?
Provides motility for uterus
55
Describe the endometrium. (3)
2 layers: mucosal epithelium and submucosal
Mucosal secretes material for embryo and sperm viability
Submucosal houses uterine glands
56
What does the endometrium produce?
Prostaglandin F2α
57
If animal is not pregnant, what does prostaglandin F2α cause?
Luteolysis
58
What are the functions of the cervix? (3)
Provide lubrication and a flushing system
Provides a barrier for sperm transport in ewe, cow, bitch and queen, but not mare and sow
Mucus plug that forms during pregnancy
59
What is the vagina?
Copulatory organ and birth canal with poorly develop muscular layer and high developed muscular epithelium
60
What is the vulva?
External portion of reproductive tract
61
What does the vulva consist of?
Labia major and labia minor
Perineum
Clitoral fossa
Vestibular glands
62
What does the perineum do?
Surrounds vulva and anus
63
What does the clitoral fossa do?
House the clitoris
64
What do the vestibule glands do?
Secrete mucous-like material during estrus
65
What are the functions of the male reproductive system? (2)
Manufacture spermatozoa
| Produce hormones and secretory products
66
What are the 6 main parts of the male tract?
```
Spermatic cord
Scrotum
Testis
Excurrent duct system
Accessory sex glands
Penis and muscles
```
67
What are the functions of the spermatic cord? (2)
Suspend the testis
| Provide pathway for vasculature, lymphatics, and nerves
68
What does the spermatic cord house?
Ductus deferens
Cremaster muscle
Pampiniform plexus
69
What is the pampiniform plexus?
Vascular structure of intertwined arteries and veins
70
What does the pampiniform plexus do? (2)
Control temperature in testis
| Eliminates pulse pressure
71
What does the cremaster muscle do?
Supports testis
| Contracts and relaxed to facilitate blood flow and cooling
72
What type of muscle makes up the cremaster muscle? What does that mean for the muscle?
Striated muscle
| It is not capable of sustained contractions
73
What is the function of the scrotum?
Protects, supports, and controls temperature
74
What are the 4 major layers of the scrotum?
Skin
Tunica dartos
Scrotal fascia
Parietal tunica vaginalis
75
What does the skin do for the scrotum?
Has sweat glands to facilitate cooling
76
What regulates the sweating and respiratory rate on the skin?
Thermosensitive nerves
77
What is the tunica dartos?
Smooth muscle surrounding scrotum that contracts to alter closeness of scrotum to body= temperature regulation
78
What is the tunica dartos controlled by?
Sensory nerves on skin
79
What controls the contractile characteristics of the tunica dartos?
Testosterone
80
What are the functions the testes? (4)
Produce spermatozoa
Produce testosterone
Produce inhibin, estrogens, proteins that improve sperm function
Produce fluid which sperm are suspended in and facilitates their removal from testes
81
What are the 3 areas of the testes?
Testicular capsule
Parenchyma
Mediastinum
82
What is inside the testicular capsule?
Visceral tunica vaginalis
| Tunica albuginea
83
What is inside the tubular compartment of the parenchyma?
Seminiferous tubules and the cells and material inside them
84
What is found in the seminiferous tubules?
Sertoli cells
85
What is inside the interstitial compartment? (5)
```
Blood vessels
Connective tissue
Lymphatics
Nerves
Leydig cells
```
86
What do leydig cells do?
Produce testosterone
87
What does the mediastinum do?
House rete tubules
88
What are rete tubules?
Tiny channels through which sperm are transported
89
What do sertoli cells do?
Host developing germ cells that become spermatozoa
90
What do sertoli cells contain?
Receptors for FSH and testosterone
91
What does the blood-testis barrier do?
Prevents autoimmune reactions from destroying the developing germ cells
92
What does the blood-testis barrier surround?
Seminiferous tubule and the sertoli cell junctional complexes
93
What is the epididymal duct the site of?
Sperm maturation
94
What are the 3 areas of the epididymal duct?
Head
Body
Tail
95
What does the tail of the epididymis do?
Stores sperm
96
What is transit time?
Time from proximal head to distal tail
97
What is transit time like in the head and body? Tail?
Constant
| Sexual excitement causes it to increase
98
What do contractions of the epididymis do?
Move sperm into ductus deferens
99
What happens to sperm number if there is a high ejaculation frequency?
Fewer sperm
100
If sperm spen a long time in the tail, what happens to the quality?
Decreases
101
What is seminal plasma produced by?
```
Epididymis
Ampulla
Vesicular glands
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral
```
102
What does the seminal plasma do?
Provides fluid for delivery
| Contains coagulation properties for boars and stallions
103
What is the most important product of seminal plasma? What does it do?
Fructose
| Serves as an energy source for sperm
104
What does the penis consist of?
Base
Shaft
Glans penis
105
Which animals have a fibroelastic penis?
Bulls
Boars
Rams
106
What is the corpus cavernous and corpus spongiosum?
Spongy erectile tissue in the shaft which fills with blood during erection
107
What is embryogenesis differentiation?
The process whereby a group of unspecialized cells develop into a function, recognizable group of cells that have a common function
108
What makes up the endoderm?
Digestive system
Lungs
Endocrine system
109
What makes up the mesoderm?
Muscle
Skeleton
Cardiovascular
Reproductive system
110
What makes up the ectoderm?
Nervous system
Skin
Hair
111
What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary originate from?
Neural tissue of the brain
112
What does the anterior lobe of the pituitary originate from?
Roof of embryo's mouth (stomodeal ectoderm)
113
What does the infundibulum in the anterior lobe develop from?
Floor of brain downwards
114
What does rathke's pouch in the anterior lobe develop from?
Roof of mouth upwards
115
What is another word for pituitary?
Hypophysis
116
What is another word for anterior lobe? Is it glandular or neural?
Adenohypophysis
| Glandular
117
What is another word for posterior lobe? Is it glandular or neural?
Neurohypophysis
| Neural
118
What does the sphenoid bone do?
Forms a protective cavity around both lobes called the sella turcica
119
Where do primordial germ cells develop and migrate?
Develop in yolk sac and migrate to genital ridge to eventually form gonads
120
Read differentiation of reproductive tract *potential essay question*
Read differentiation of reproductive tract *potential essay question*
121
What determines if it is a female or male tract?
SRY protein
122
What degenerates to become part of male tract?
Mesonephric kidney
123
What do mesonephric tubules become?
Efferent ducts that connect with rete testis
124
What do mesonephric ducts become?
Epididymis and ductus deferens
125
What are the 3 phases of the testes descending into the scrotum?
1. Growth and elongation of the fetal body away from the testes
2. Rapid growth of the extra abdominal gubernaculum
3. Shrinkage of the gubernaculum within the scrotum
126
What is cryptorchidism?
Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum
127
What is inguinal herniation?
A portion of the intestines have passes through the inguinal canal
128
What do the cells in the sex cords differentiate onto in the absence of SRY protein?
follicular cells
129
What does the genital ridge become when the female tract is developing?
Ovary
130
What do the paramesonephric ducts become in the female?
Oviduct
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
131
What determines the the type of uterus?
The degree to which the paramesonephric ducts fuse
132
What forms from the ectoderm in females?
Caudal vagina and vulva
133
What is retroperitoneal?
Gonad and duct system are outside the peritoneum
134
What is freemartinism?
Abnormal embryogenesis of the female reproductive tract
135
What happens when there are twins in cows?
Chorion fuse so there is a common blood supply between two calves and both are exposed to same hormones
136
In freemartinism, when is the common blood supply established?
Day 39 of gestation
137
Explain what happens in freemartinism around day 40 of gestation?
Testis develop before ovaries and anti-mullerian hormone is produced and disrupts the development of heifers tract and ovaries caising her to be sterile and appear "bullish"
