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Microbiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Eukarya
Archea
Bacteria

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2
Q

Who was Robert Koch?

A

A German physician who discovered Bacillus anthracis in the blood of cattle that had died of anthrax. Established Koch’s postulates.

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3
Q

What are Koch’s postulates of disease?

A

A sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease.

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4
Q

Koch’s postulates criteria

A
  • The microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease.
  • The pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
  • The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a health, susceptible lab animal.
  • The pathogen must be reisolated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen.
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5
Q

Components of a scientific name:

A

First name is called the genus, second name is called the species (specific epithet). Genus is always capitalized and the species is not capitalized. The name is either underlined or italicized.

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6
Q

What shape is ballicus?

A

Rod

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7
Q

What shape is coccus?

A

Sphere

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8
Q

What shape is stalla?

A

Star.

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9
Q

What is the fourth shape in bacteria?

A

Spirals

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10
Q

Arrangements: single

A

One

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11
Q

Arrangements: diplo

A

Two

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12
Q

Arrangements: strep

A

Chain

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13
Q

Arrangements: staph

A

Cluster.

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14
Q

Which arrangement can produce all arrangements?

A

Strep

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15
Q

What is the theory of spontaneous generation?

A

The idea that life could arise spontaneously from non living matter.

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16
Q

What experiments helped disprove spontaneous generation?

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani had an experiment where he had closed jars and no microorganism generated.
Louis Pasteur proved against theory with S-shaped glasses. Broth was heated in the glasses and cooled. Air was able to get in but microorganisms could not. Microorganisms were not present even after long periods of time.

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17
Q

Louis Pasteur.

A

French scientist who disproved spontaneous generation and created pasteurization.

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18
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, membrane bound organelles, mitotic division, sterols in the membrane, while prokaryotic cells do not. Prokaryotic cells have ribosomes in the 70s eukaryotic cells have ribosomes in the 80s. Prokaryotic cells have one chromosome while eukaryotic Abe more than one.

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19
Q

What are more differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes are usually unicellular, eukaryotes are usually multicellular. Prokaryotes are smaller, usually 1-4 micrometers, eukaryotes are usually larger w 10-100 micrometers. Flagella: in prokaryotes consist of 2 protein building blocks. In eukaryotes are complex, consist of multiple microtubules.

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20
Q

What are more differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes divide by binary fission eukaryotes divide by mitosis. Prokaryotes sexual reproduction includes transfer of DNA segments only, conjugation. Eukaryotes involve meiosis.

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21
Q

What are some similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Both composed of cells, have ribosomes, and a cell membrane. Both have DNA, cytoplasm, some have flagella.

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22
Q

Name the five kingdoms.

A 
Monera
Fungi 
Animalia
Plantae 
Protista
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23
Q

Characteristics of monera

A

Prokaryotic, includes bacteria and archea. Contains unicellular organisms without a nucleus.

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24
Q

Characteristics of Protista

A 
Eukaryia domain
Protista kingdom
Most are unicellular
Cell walls of cellulose some chloroplasts. Autotroph or heterotroph. Ex. Amoeba and mold. 
Pathogens.
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25
Characteristics of fungi
``` Most are unicellular Not usually pathogens Cell walls of chitin Heterotroph Ex. Mushrooms and yeast ```
26
Characteristic of plantae
``` Multicellular Cell walls w cellulose, chloroplasts Autotroph Not pathogens Ex. Moss, ferns, flowering plants. ```
27
Characteristics of Animalia
Multicellular No cell walls or chloroplasts Heterotrophs Ex. Bats, humans, other animals.
28
Types of flagella
Lophotrichous Peritrichous Amphitricous Monotrichous
29
Flagella arrangements: lophotrichous
Tuft of flagella at one pole
30
Flagella arrangements: peritrichous
Flagella all over
31
Flagella arrangements: amphitrichous
Flagella at both poles
32
Flagella arrangements: monotrichous
Single Flagella at one pole
33
Definition: sterile
Free from bacteria or other living microorganisms: totally clean.
34
Definition: pure culture
A culture in which only one strain or clone is present.
35
Definition: synthetic medium
A culture medium consisting of only known mixtures of chemical compounds (salts, sugars)
36
Definition: enriched medium
Contain the nutrients required to support the growth of a wide variety of organisms, including some of the more fastidious ones.
37
Definition: differential medium
Used to differentiate closely related organisms or groups of organisms.
38
Definition: selective medium
Allow certain types of organisms to grow and inhibit the growth of others.
39
Definition: chitin
A fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides and forming the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.
40
Definition: histones
Any group of basic proteins found in chromatin.
41
Definition: conjugation
Process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact.
42
Definition: microorganisms
A living organism too small to be seen with the naked eye. Includes bacteria, fungi, Protozoa, and microscopic algae, also includes viruses.
43
Definition: helminth
A parasitic worm, a fluke, tapeworm, or nematode.
44
Definition: pathogen
A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that causes disease.
45
Definition: glycocalyx (capsule and slime layer)
A glycoprotein-polysaccharide covering that surrounds the cell membranes of some bacteria. Gelatinous is called a capsule while an irregular diffuse lager is called a slime layer.
46
Order of taxonomic hierarchy.
``` Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ```
47
Endosymbiotic theory
States that organelles arose from prokaryotic cells living inside a host prokaryote.
48
What does the endosymbiotic theory aim to explain?
The origin of eukaryotes from prokaryotes.
49
What evidence is there to back up the endosymbiotic theory?
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble bacteria in size and shape. Organelles contain circular DNA, as in prokaryote, and organelles can reproduce independently of host cell. Mitochondrial and chloroplast ribosomes resemble those of prokaryotes and their mechanism of protein synthesis is more similar to that found in bacteria than in eukaryotes. Same antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis on ribosomes in bacteria also inhibit protein synthesis on ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
50
What are fimbriae used for?
Attachment
51
What are flagella used for?
Cellular locomotion
52
What are cilia used for?
Locomotion, short numerous projection
53
What are sex pili used for?
Transferring DNA. genetic material from one cell to another involving cell to cell contact. Conjugation.
54
What are ribosomes used for?
Protein synthesis in a cell. Composed of RNA and protein.
55
What are ribosomes composed of?
RNA and protein.
56
What is a capsule used for?
Protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis.
57
How does a gram stain work?
1. First put the crystal violet (stain) 2. Next add iodine (mordant) 3. Differentiation step. + acetone-alcohol Gram negative with become colorless Gram positive will become purple 4. Add saffranin, the counter stain. A pink dye. Gram positive will be purple. Gram negative will be pink.
58
Definition: mordant
Chemical to set stain
59
What is the combination of crystal violet and iodine called?
Crystal violet iodine complex.
60
Gram negative bacteria is
Non-acid fast
61
Gram positive bacteria is
Acid fast or non-acid fast
62
Gram negative bacteria description.
Bacteria have plasma membrane, thin peptoglycan layer, outer membrane. More protected by outer membrane.
63
Gram positive bacteria description
Have thick peptoglycan layer and no outer membrane.
64
What color are gram positive bacteria after the gram stain?
Purple
65
What color are gram negative bacteria after the gram stain?
Pink
66
What is peptidoglycan?
A structural molecule of bacterial cell walls consisting of molecules N-acetylglucoasemine, tetrapeptide side chain, N-acetylmuramic acid, and peptide side chain.
67
Where is peptidoglycan found?
The bacterial cell wall
68
What is mycolic acid?
A long-chained, branched fatty acids, characteristic of members of the genus.
69
What class of cells would you find mycolic acid?
Found in mycobacterium which is under the class actinobacteria
70
What does the acid fast stain detect?
It is used to identify all bacteria of the genus mycobacterium and pathogen species of Nocardia.
71
What is the acid-fast stain?
A differential stain used to identify bacteria that are not decolonized by acid-alcohol.
72
What is endotoxin (aka lipid A or lipopolysaccharides)
Large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide. Toxic substance bound to the bacterial cell wall and released when the bacterium ruptures or disintegrates. Often cause fever.
73
What are bacterial endospores?
A structure formed inside some bacteria.
74
What is the function of bacterial endospores?
To ensure the survival of a bacterium.
75
A simple stain can only tell you about bacterial:
Size, shape, and arrangement.
76
Bacterial shapes
Coccus (sphere) Bacillus (rod) Vibrio (curved) Spiral
77
Bacterial arrangements
``` Strep Staph Tetrad (grouping of 4 cells) Diplo Single ```
78
Characteristics of fungi
- Eukaryotic - Non-vascular organisms - Reproduce by means of spores, usually wind-disseminated - Can reproduce by sexual or asexual means - Typically not motile, although a few have a motile phase - Cell walls similar to the structure of plants heterotrophic - No chlorophyll (no photosynthesis)
79
What does heterotrophic mean?
Live off of organic material
80
What does autotrophic mean?
Lives off of simple substances present in its surroundings, ex, light or inorganic chemical reactions.
81
What are asexual fungi spores and their shapes?
- sporangiospores: stem with cap and lots of little dots. | - condida: either hand or flower like
82
What are sexual fungi spores and their shapes?
- Zygospores: two wing type shapes on either side of center cap. - basidospores: a couple bulbs coming off base - ascospores: peas in a pod
83
How are protozoans classified?
By how they move.
84
What are the groups of protozoans and how do they move?
- Ciliophora: move via cilia - Mastiophora: move using flagella - Sarcodina: move by the use of pseudopodia and protoplasmic flow. - Apicomplexa: gliding movements
85
Definition: mycoses
A disease caused by a fungi. Ex. Ringworm or thrush.
86
Where are ribosomes found in eukaryotes?
Cytoplasm, ER, mitochondria, chloroplasts.
87
Microscopy
The use of the microscope
88
Scanning electron microscopes.
Produces image by scanning sample with a focused beam of electrons.
89
Transmission electron microscope
Beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it passes through.
90
Light microscope
Uses visible light and magnifying lenses to examine small objects not visible to the naked eye, or in finger detail.
91
What is the resolution of the microscope tied to?
The wavelength
92
The light microscope is:
Cheaper, can see color, easy to use, can look at live samples
93
A scanning electron microscope:
Allows more of a specimen to be in focus at one time, more control in the degree of magnification, super clear images Not color Specimen must be electrically conductive.
94
Transmission electron microscope:
``` Provides info on crystalline structures and density maps Subatomic resolution Thin slices which can damage specimen Low contrast High res is expensive. ```
95
Differences between bacteria and archea
Bacteria can cause disease, archea cannot, archea are more complex. Archea do not contain peptidoglycan.
96
Definition: algae
Photosynthetic eukaryotes
97
Protozoa
Unicellular eukaryotes.
98
Viruses
Unicellular, require cellular machinery of cells they infect to reproduce.

Microbiology (5 decks)

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