Radioactive
Atom that spontaneously undergoes a reaction of the atomic nucleus
Isotope
Different form of the same element
What is in the nucleus?
Protons and neutrons
Microscopic representation
Atomic size
Macroscopic representation
We can see it (ex. A car)
Symbolic representation
Short hand (ex. Fe, C, H, Cl)
What is different about an isotope?
Different number of neutrons (therefore different mass)
Compounds
Consist of 2 or more elements
Scientific law
Provides explanations; well supported by measurements and observation
Theory
Explains phenomena and based on observation, experiment, and reason
Hypothesis
Requires facts that can be tested
Precision
Exactness
Accuracy
How close to an actual value
Significant figures
Communicate exactness; #of didgets in a value
Orbitals
S, p, d, f
What shape is the s orbital?
Sphere
What shape is the p orbital?
Dumbbell
Nuclear fission
Large atoms split into smaller ones
Tera-
10^12
Giga-
10^9
Mega-
10^6
Kilo-
10^3
Deci-
10^-1
Centi-
10^-2
Milli-
10^-3
Micro-
10^-6
Nano-
10^-9
Pico-
10^-12
NH4
Ammonium (1+)
Ag
Silver (1+)
Zn
Zinc (2+)
Copper (I)
Cu+
Copper (II)
Cu2+
iron(II)
Fe2+
Iron (III)
Fe3+
HO
Hydroxide (1-)
CH3COO
Acetate (1-)
NO3
Nitrate (1-)
SO4
Sulfate (2-)
SO3
Sulfite (2-)
CO3
Carbonate (2-)
PO4
Phosphate (3-)
Molecules
Sharing electrons
Ions
Atoms or groups of atoms that posses an electric charge
Cations
Positive
Anions
Negative
ClO
Hypochlorite (1-)
ClO2
Chlorite (1-)
ClO4
Perchlorate (1-)
Chemical bonds
Name given to attractive forces that hold atoms together in a compound
Electronegativity
Ability to attract electrons
Delta negative
Stronger electronegative
Bond length
Distance from nucleus to nucleus
Bond strength
Energy required to break a band ***always add energy
Polar covalent
Very different (HF2)
Ionic bond
Metal and nonmetal
Covalent bond
2 non metals (very close)
Tetrahedron
4 parts
Trigonal pyramidal
3 parts
Trigonal planar
3 parts
Bent
2 parts
Linear
2 parts
Are multiple bonds longer or shorter?
Shorter but stronger
Degree of linear
180
Degree of bent
105
Degree of trigonal planar
120
Degree of trigonal pyramidal
107
Degree of tetrahedron
109
Octahedral
AX6 (90)
> 1.9 electronegativ
Ionic
.9-1.9 electronegative
Polar covalent
0-.8 electronegative
Covalent