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Linguistics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Phonetic/photological changes

A

Ask/aks bridd/bird

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2
Q

Metathesis

A

Switch order of two sounds

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3
Q

Epenthesis

A

Adding a sound inside a word

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4
Q

Prothesis

A

Add a sound to the beginning of a word

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5
Q

Semantics

A

Broadening narrowing change of meaning

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6
Q

Indo European language family

A

Language origin Iceland to Europe homeland modern turkey. 1/2 worlds speakers

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7
Q

Which group/branch does English belong

A

Germanic, west Germanic

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8
Q

Proto-Indo-European

A

Hypothesis, mother language

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9
Q

When was mother language spoken

A

5000 years ago

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10
Q

List 3 language families

A

Sino Tibetan, austronesian, Afro-asiatic

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11
Q

Sapir who’re hypothesis

A

Language and thought are one in the same

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12
Q

Linguistic determinism

A

Language determines thought

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13
Q

Linguistic relativity

A

Differences in language will cause differences in thought

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14
Q

Tacit knowledge

A

Difficult to put into words

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15
Q

Wugs

A

Voiced

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16
Q

Wuks

A

Unvoiced

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17
Q

Wug test

A

Knowledge of your language gives you advantage

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18
Q

Plato

A

Origins of language

Nature of meaning

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19
Q

Origins of language

A

Convention (arbitrary)
Naturally (intrinsic)
NO ANSWER

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20
Q

Roman/Latin grammar

A

Middle Ages

“Traditional” grammar, model language

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21
Q

Prescriptive grammar rules

A

Rules governing what people should/shouldn’t say

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22
Q

Descriptive grammar

A

What people actually say, what linguists study

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23
Q

Panini contributions

A

Showed how Sanskrit related to earlier texts, linguistic concepts and historical relationships

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24
Q

Panini lived during

A

19th century, 5-7 BC

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25
Why were his works significant
Significant change
26
De Saussure
Langue vs parole
27
Langue vs parole
Language system vs act of speaking
28
Similar terms to langue and parole
Chomsky linguistic competence vs linguistic performance
29
Boas and Sapir
Studied Native American languages, no written records and very different structures
30
What is structuralism and who proposed it
Sentence structure, Chomsky
31
How did structuralism contribute to the study of language?
For 50 years people studied language systematically following the rules of structuralism
32
Wundt
Father of experimental psychology, first lab
33
Introspection
The examination of ones own emotional and mental processes
34
How does classical conditioning relate to linguistics
It is examining and producing behavior, language is a verbal behavior
35
Pavlov
Ran reflex activity, classical conditioning
36
Classical conditioning example
Reflex activity in dogs, producing slobber by making a bell the stimulus for slobber with food as reinforcement
37
What does classical conditioning claim about stimulus and response
By knowing and recreating the stimulus you can predict the response
38
Operant conditioning
Voluntary behavior | Associate stimulus with a behavior response and reinforcement (Dwight mint experiment on the office)
39
What is behaviorism and who proposed it?
Study of observable behavior. Skinner
40
Book 1957 with behaviorist view of language
Verbal behavior by skinner
41
Watson
Proposed behaviorism
42
Why does behaviorism fail
Isn't scientific
43
What is generative linguistics and who proposed it
Syntactic structure, Chomsky
44
What book marked beginning of generative linguistics
Syntactic structure 1957
45
What are surface/deep structure and why are they important
On the surface words/sentences are identical but the deeper meaning is very different
46
What is the importance of syntactic structure and what examples can you give
Some things are meaningless from words, but there is something more than meaning. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously
47
Who originally distinguished log idiotic competence from linguistic performance and what does each mean
Chomsky | Knowledge of language (grammar) vs the actual use of language (behavior)
48
Innateness hypothesis
Hypothesis that humans possess a language gene or mutation that allows us to create language
49
Language universals
Patterns across languages (nouns and verbs)
50
Universal grammar
The ability to learn grammar is hard wired into brain
51
Philosophical dialect
Rationalism vs empiricism
52
Rationalism properties
Nature, heredity, innate properties of mind, mind imposes structure on world, privacy of thought, "I think therefore I am"
53
Rationalism philosophers
Chomsky, Fodor, Descartes, Spinoza, Greeks/Plato
54
Empiricism properties
Nurture, environment, born knowing nothing/clean slate (tabular rasa), generally get knowing by sensory info, experience is source of knowledge
55
Empiricism philosophers
Skinner, Locke, Hume, Berkley, Watson, structuralists, associationists
56
Sir Williams jones
Discovered relationship between Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit
57
Borrowing
Adopting parts of another language due to geographical closeness or being conquered
58
Descent
Coming from a common ancestor
59
Chance overlap
Similarities in language simply due to chance
60
Top of language tree
Indo-European
61
Two parts of Sapir whorf hypothesis
Linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity
62
Mentalese
Hypothetical language of thought
63
What are the various theories for language (there are six)
Divine source, natural sound source, social interaction source, physical adaption source, took making source, genetic source
64
Italic family tree
``` Italic | Latin | Portuguese Spanish French ```
65
5 families
Balto Slavic, Germanic, italic, other (Albanian, Hellenic, Armenian, etc)
66
Old English time and example
5th-11th (449-1066) century, Beowulf
67
Middle English century and events
11-15th century (1066-1476) Norman conquest Many French borrowings Chaucer
68
Modern English century and writer
15th century to now (1476-now) Shakespeare Printing press modernized English
69
Fire example of Sapir Whorf Hypothesis
Whorf, "full/empty" gasoline barrels.
70
"That" example
Hopi has three words for that. One for direct sensory awareness, one for making inferences, and one for an indirect report of experience
71
How many color terms in English?
11
72
Average amount of colors
11
73
Implicational hierarchy
``` 2 colors-black and white +red +green/yellow +blue +brown +pink/purple/orange/grey ```
74
Perceptual universal
Everyone perceives color the same despite language
75
John Lucy
Cardboard box experiment, Mayan and English children all identify objects with shape until they reach a certain age, then Mayan children identify with material
76
Mayan it English animate?
Mayan
77
Mayan or English discrete?
English
78
Perceptual
All children same perception
79
Conceptual strategy
Children answer differently based on languages

Linguistics (3 decks)

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