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Kinesiology 310 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

obesity prevelance

A

more than 1/3

34.9% or 78.6 million adults are obese

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2
Q

Body Mass Index Levels

A

below 18.5 is underweight
18.5-24.9 is normal
25-29.9 is overweight
30.0 and above is obese

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3
Q

limits of BMI

A
  • may overestimate body fat in athletes and others with a muscular build
  • may underestimate body fat in older persons and others who have lost muscle
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4
Q

other indicator of health risk

A 
diet
physical activity
waist circumference
blood pressure
blood sugar level
cholesterol level
family history of disease
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5
Q

newest reports from the national center for health statistics shows that

A

2007-2008

  • 68 % of U.S. adults and 32 % of school aged US children and adolescents are overweight or obese
  • good news: may be leveling off
  • bad news: numbers are alarmingly high
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6
Q

according to the two reports :

A

1/3 of adults are obese

-17% children were above the 95th percentile of BMI for age

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7
Q

Adult Physical Activity guidelines

A

150 minutes or 2 hours and 30 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic activity every week
2 or more days a week of muscle strengthening
or
1 hour and 15 minutes (75 minutes) of vigorous intensity aerobic activity
-an equivalent mix of vigorous and moderate intensity aerobic activity

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8
Q

kinesiology

A

the study of human movement, all research in this department relates back to human movement
-what happens when we move, how we move, why we move

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9
Q

research

A

the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase our understanding of the phenomenon under study

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10
Q

measurement

A

a reference sample or standard used for the quantitative comparison of properties

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11
Q

research design

A

the method and structure of an investigation chosen by the researcher to conduct data collection and analysis

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12
Q

types of research

A

experimental research, observational research, basic research, applied research

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13
Q

experimental research

A

research that examines cause and effect relationship between variables

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14
Q

observational research

A

gather information or data about the world as it is

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15
Q

basic research

A

a type of research that may have limited direct application but in which the researcher has careful control over the conditions

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16
Q

applied research

A

a type of research that has direct value to practitioners but in which the researcher has limited control over the research setting

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17
Q

applied research characteristics

A

answers immediate problems

  • human subjects
  • real world settings
  • lacks control
  • results directly useful
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18
Q

basic research characteristics

A
  • deals with theoretical issues
  • animal subjects
  • lab setting
  • carefully controlled
  • results lack application
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19
Q

5 characteristics of research

A 
systemic
logical
empirical
reductive
replicable
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20
Q

systemic

A

identify and label variables and design ways to test variables

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21
Q

logical

A

examination of procedures used in process allows evaluation of conclusions

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22
Q

empirical

A

data is collected to base decisions on

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23
Q

reductive

A

take individual events and use them to establish relations

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24
Q

replicable

A

process is recorded so research can be repeated

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25
criteria for high quality research
based on work of others - can be replicated - can be generalized to other settings - based on some logical rationale and tied to theory - doable - generates new questions or is cyclical in nature - incremental - an apolitical activity that should be undertaken for the betterment of society
26
law
general relation proved (or assumed) to hold between mathematical and logical expressions
27
purposes of research
describe predict control explain
28
black swans
unpredictable even that defies prediction | -an outlier
29
hindsight bias
- knew it all along effect - creeping determinism - the inclination after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it
30
theory
- an explanation of some aspect of practice that permits the researcher to draw inferences about future happenings - a belief or assumption about the causal relationship between variables that serves to explain phenomena
31
evolution of theories
precision, simplicity, testability
32
precision
how accurately does a theory explain a phenomena
33
simplicity
how many special conditions and quantifiers must be met
34
testability
how many observational methods can be employed to test the theory
35
concept of science
a process of careful and systematic inquiry
36
sources of evidence we use
- tenacity(superstition) - intuition (ex:the earth is flat) - authority - personal experience - deductive reasoning (rationalistic) - scientific method (empirical)
37
deductive reasoning
thinking proceeds from a generalized assumption (theory) to a specific application -move from a theoretical explanation of events to specific hypotheses that are tested against reality
38
value of deductive reasoning
- organizes information - a way to test theories - a hypothesis generator
39
inductive reasoning
thinking proceeds from specific to general -individual observations are tied together into specific hypotheses which are grouped into a more general explanation, which are united into theory
40
perfect induction
where observe every member of group to make conclusions
41
imperfect induction
observe small sample and generate conclusions from sample to population
42
primary objective of Framingham heart study
to identify the common factors or characteristics that contribute to CVD by following its development over a long period of time in a large group of participants who had not yet developed overt symptoms of CVD or suffered a heart attack
43
scientific method
a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge
44
scientific
a method of inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning
45
empirical evidence
information acquired by observation or experimentation | -this data is recorded and analyzed by scientists and is a central process as part of the scientific method
46
steps of scientific method
1. developing the problem 2. formulating the hypothesis 3. gathering the data 4. analyzing and interpreting results
47
research process
-selecting a problem, asking the question -formulating the hypotheses review relevant literature on the topic -listing the measures to be used -describing the subjects -constructing a research design -constructing measurement devices -analysis of the data -generating conclusions -writing the research report
48
normal science
an objective manner of study grounded in the natural sciences that is systematic, logical, empirical, reductive, and replicable
49
reductionism
a characteristic of normal science that assumes that complex behavior can be reduced, analyzed, explained as parts that can then be put back together to understand the whole
50
paradigm
the worldview underlying the theories and methodology of a particular scientific subject
51
paradigm crisis
development of discrepancies in a paradigm leading to proposals of a new paradigm that better explains the data
52
4 ways paradigm influences the scientific process
- what is studied and researched - the type of questions that are asked - the exact structure and nature of the questions - how the results of any research are interpreted
53
hypothesis
a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation - an anticipated a outcome - an educated guess
54
research hypothesis
hypothesis deduced from theory or induced form empirical studies that is based upon logical reasoning and predicts the outcome of the study
55
null hypothesis
hypothesis used primarily in the statistical test for the reliability of the results that says there is no difference in treatment -no difference between comparison groups or association among tested variables
56
alternative hypotheses
hypothesis predicts either a simple difference or a difference in a particular direction
57
two tailed
there is an association between saturated fat intake and coronary heart disease
58
one tailed
there is a positive association between saturated fat intake and coronary heart disease
59
directional hypothesis
one tailed test | ex: children with high IQ are more easily motivated than children with low IQ
60
non directional hypothesis
two tailed test | ex: there is a difference in the motivational level of children with a high IQ and those children with a low IQ
61
power
the increasing likelihood of rejecting a false null hypothesis for a sample
62
independent variable
the part of the experiment that the researcher is manipulating - a variable that is intentionally changed to observe its effect on the dependent variable - forms or defines groups
63
dependent variable
- the effect of the independent variable, also called the yield. - the event studied and expected to change when the independent variable is changed - typically measured to see what happened in experiment, or differences in groups
64
control variable
a factor that could possibly influence the results and that is kept out of the study or experiment - the control variable limits the variability in your sample by defining the population ex: fitness level, sex, age
65
ways to control a variable (control variable)
1. match subjects based on some criterion 2. randomly select 3. limit group based on certain variables (gender, age, weight, fitness level,)
66
why do we have control variables?
to reduce variability
67
extraneous/ confounding variables
a factor that could affect the relationship between the ind. and dep. variables but that is not included or controlled ex: diet, prior fitness level, genetics
68
categorical/moderator variable
a variable that effects the direction and or strength of the relation between the independent and dependent variable
69
operational definition
- observable phenomenon that enables the researcher to test whether or not the predicted outcomes can be supported - frequency, time, exercise used etc. - must be valid and reliable
70
validity
do they measure what they are supposed to measure?
71
reliability
the results should be the same when done by different people or by one person at different times -repeatable
72
limitation
a possible shortcoming or influence that cannot be controlled or is the result of the delimitations imposed by the researcher - well designed studies have fewer limitations ex: sample size too small, malfunctioning equipment, participants dropping out
73
delimitation
a limitation imposed by the researcher in the scope of the study; a choice that the researcher makes to define a workable research problem
74
validity
accuracy
75
internal validity
the ability to conclude that only the independent variables affected any differences in measures of the dependent variables across groups or across tests on the same group
76
external validity
-ability to generalize the results of a study to a sample population in a real world setting

Kinesiology 310 (3 decks)

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