Exam 1

Question 1

Childhood development explores three broad domains:

Answer 1

1) Physical development
2) Cognitive development
3) Emotional and social development

Question 2

Organismic theory:

Answer 2

Psychological structures exist inside the child. Natural evolution of skills that come with maturation.

Question 3

Continuous development:

Answer 3

skills are gradually added to what was there to begin with

Question 4

Discontinuous development:

Answer 4

development takes place in stages. the belief that all children will follow in the same sequence

Question 5

Plasticity:

Answer 5

open to change in response to influential experiences

Question 6

Three Behaviorisms:

Answer 6

classical conditioning, operant conditions (reinforcers or punishments) and social learning

Question 7

Piaget’s Four Stages:

Answer 7

1) Sensorimotor (Birth - 2) 2) Preoperational (2-7)
3) Concrete operational (7-11)
4) Formal Operational (11+)

Question 8

3 points to Piaget’s Theory:

Answer 8

Cognitive-developmental theory: Development occurs in stages as children actively manipulate and explore the environment.
A child’s mental structures adapt to understand the external world and to achieve a sense of mental balance - equilibrium.
Children are active learners. Cognition.

Question 9

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory:

Answer 9

Focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation. Social interaction is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving to define a community’s culture.

Question 10

Information processing:

Answer 10

Uses a digital computer as a metaphor for our thought processes. Emphasizes the study of attention, memory, problem-solving. Not a stage theory of development.

Question 11

Longitudinal design:

Answer 11

Participants are studied repeatedly over an extended period of time.

Question 12

What is the most widely discussed threat to the accuracy of longitudinal findings?

Answer 12

Cohort effects, in which cohorts are children born at the same time, who are influenced by particular cultural and historical conditions.

Question 13

What is a more efficient strategy compared to the longitudinal design?

Answer 13

Cross-sectional: individuals of different ages are tested at the same point in time.

Question 14

Which design is it that combines both longitudinal and cross-sectional designs?

Answer 14

sequential designs

Question 15

What are directly observable characteristics called?

Answer 15

Phenotypes

Question 16

What are the complex blend of genetic info that determine our species and influence all our unique characteristics?

Answer 16

Genotype

Question 17

What are the rodlike structures that store and transmit genetic information?

Answer 17

Chromosomes

Question 18

What are chromosomes made up of and how many chromosomes are there in a cell?

Answer 18

DNA and 23 pairs of chromosomes

Question 19

What is contained in the chromosomes, totaling up to an amount of 20,000 to 100,000?

Answer 19

Genes, molecules of DNA, the blueprints for the development of the individual, tell the cells what to do.

Question 20

What are gametes?

Answer 20

sex cells. seem in the male and ova in the female.

Question 21

What is the process of cell division through which gametes are formed?

Answer 21

Meiosis

Question 22

Difference between XX and XY pair of sex chromosomes:

Answer 22

Females have XX. Males have XY.

Question 23

When sperm and ovum unite at conception, the resulting zygote has how many chromosomes?

Answer 23

46 chromosomes – 23 from each parent.

Question 24

What are the 22 pairs of matching chromosomes in the human cell called?

Answer 24

Autosomes

Question 25

What is an allele?

Answer 25

a pair of genes, found corresponding chromosomes, that affect the same trait.

Question 26

The child is homozygous if:

Answer 26

the alleles from both parents are alike

Question 27

The child is heterozygous if:

Answer 27

the alleles are different

Question 28

Name 3 recessive genetic disorders:

Answer 28

1) Sickle cell anemia 2) PKU 3) Cystic fibrosis

Question 29

The most common chromosomal abnormalities:

Answer 29

Down syndrome

Question 30

Common types of prenatal diagnostic methods:

Answer 30

amniocentesis, ultrasound

Question 31

During conception, what bursts from a woman's ovaries, and is drawn into one of two fallopian tubes?

Answer 31

an ovum, the largest cell in the human body

Question 32

From where does the male produce sperm?

Answer 32

From the testes

Question 33

How long does the period of the zygote last?

Answer 33

Two weeks

Question 34

After the one-celled zygote multiplies, what is formed?

Answer 34

The blastocyst

Question 35

What is implantation?

Answer 35

Occurs between the 7th and 9th day, when the blastocyst burrow deep into the uterine lining

Question 36

What will become the new organism?

Answer 36

The embryonic disk.

Question 37

After the trophoblast, the thin outer ring of cells covering the embryonic disk, multiplies rapidly, what membrane does it form that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid?

Answer 37

The amnion

Question 38

How long is the embryo stage?

Answer 38

6 weeks

Question 39

When and what is the sensitive period?

Answer 39

It is the most important time of development for major organs. it is especially vulnerable to interference with healthy development. Starts during the third week through the embryonic period

Question 40

What does the ectoderm fold over to form during the period of the embryo?

Answer 40

the neural tube or spinal cord

Question 41

What is the longest prenatal period?

Answer 41

The Period of the fetus, starting at the ninth week

Question 42

What is it called when the mother can feel movement?

Answer 42

quickening

Question 43

During the second trimester, what increases tenfold from the 20th week until birth?

Answer 43

brain weight, and synapses in the brain form

Question 44

During the third trimester, what is the point at which the baby can first survive if born, occurring sometime between 22 and 26 weeks?

Answer 44

the age of viability

Question 45

What is any environmental agent that can cause damage during the prenatal period?

Answer 45

A teratogen

Question 46

What is the time when teratogens are most likely to produce serious defects in prenatal development?

Answer 46

the embryonic period

Question 47

Emotional conditions of the mother can accept prenatal development because why?

Answer 47

blood supply increases to the brain, heart and limbs, so that there is a decreased blood supply to the uterus and stress hormones cross the placenta

Question 48

DES exposure:

Answer 48

children grew up to have cancer of the vagina, malformations of the uterus and infertility. Young men shows genital abnormalities ad cancer of the testes.

Question 49

Effects of cocaine and heroin:

Answer 49

prematurity, LBW, physical defects breathing difficulties and even death.

Question 50

At what age does maternal age risk infertility, miscarriage and babies with chromosomal defects?

Answer 50

30-40

Question 51

What is the hormone involved in stress response that the placenta releases as pregnancy advances?

Answer 51

corticotropin-releasing hormone

Question 52

What occurs during Stage 1?

Answer 52

dilation and effacement of the cervix, which means it opens and thins. longest stage. transition (contractions at their peak and the cervix opens completely) occurs

Question 53

What occurs during stage 2?

Answer 53

Delivery of the baby: crowning occurs (vaginal opening stretching around the entire head)

Question 54

What occurs during stage 3?

Answer 54

delivery of the placenta. labor ends.

Question 55

How do doctors and nurses assess the newborn's physical condition quickly at 1 and 5 minutes after birth?

Answer 55

Apgar scale