Exam 1

Question 1

Divergent Species

Answer 1

Have common ancestors and have diverged from each other over time

Question 2

Population bottleneck

Answer 2

Large populations pass through environment events that only a small number survive

Question 3

Nonrandom mating that does not alter reproductive success does not result in evolutionary change. Why not?

Answer 3

The genotype frequency will be altered but not the allele frequency

Question 4

Genetic Structure

Answer 4

The frequency of different alleles and genotypes in a population

Question 5

Conditions in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 5

1. No mutation
2. No selection among genotypes
3. Population is infinitely large
4. Mating is random

Question 6

Types of selection

Answer 6

Disruptive, stabilizing, and directional

Question 7

Locus

Answer 7

The point on a chromosome where two alleles exist

Question 8

Phylogeny

Answer 8

The evolutionary history of the relationships between organisms

Question 9

Taxon

Answer 9

A group of species that are designated with a name

Question 10

Clade

Answer 10

A taxon that consists of all the evolutionary descendants of a common ancestor

Question 11

Homologous features

Answer 11

Features shared by two more species that have been inherited from a common ancestor

Question 12

Synapomorphies

Answer 12

Derived traits in a group of organisms that are evidence of their common ancestry

Question 13

Convergent evolution

Answer 13

Independent evolution of similar features from different ancestral traits

Question 14

Homoplasies

Answer 14

Traits that are present in multiple organisms but not in their common ancestor

Can come from convergent evolution or evolutionary reversal

Question 15

Evolutionary reversal

Answer 15

The reappearance of an ancestral trait in a group that had previously acquired a derived trait

Question 16

Data from which phylogenies are constructed

Answer 16

1. Morphology
2. Development
3. Paleontology
4. Behavior
5. Molecular Data

Question 17

How are phylogenies used?

Answer 17

1. Reconstructing past events
2. Understanding the evolution of complex traits
3. Revealing convergent evolution
4. Reconstructing ancestral states
5. Molecular clocks help date evolutionary events

Question 18

Monophyletic

Answer 18

A biological classification containing the common ancestor and all its descendants

Question 19

Polyphyletic

Answer 19

A biological classification that contains multiple distantly related organisms but not the common ancestor

Question 20

Paraphyletic

Answer 20

A biological classification that contains a common ancestor but not all of its descendants

Question 21

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

Answer 21

(p^2)+2pq+(q^2)

Where p is the dominant allele and q is the recessive allele

Question 22

How to find p or q

Answer 22

p=(2NAA+NAa)/2N

q=(2Naa+Na)/2N

Question 23

Speciation

Answer 23

The divergence of biological lineages and the emergence of reproductive isolation between lineages

Question 24

Species Concepts

Answer 24

1. Morphological
2. Biological
3. Lineage

Question 25

Cryptic species

Answer 25

Species that are morphologically similar but do not interbreed

Question 26

Reproductive isolation

Answer 26

A state in which two groups of organisms can no longer exchange genes

Question 27

Allopatric speciation

Answer 27

Speciation that results when a population is divided by a physical barrier

Question 28

Sympatric speciation

Answer 28

Speciation that occurs without physical barriers

Question 29

Polyploidy

Answer 29

The duplication of a set of chromosomes within individuals

Question 30

Allopolyploidy

Answer 30

The possession of more than two chromosomes that are derived from more than one species

Question 31

Autopolyploidy

Answer 31

The possession of more than two entire chromosomes sets that are derived from a single species

Question 32

Examples of pre-zygotic mechanisms of reinforcement

Answer 32

1. Mechanical isolation 2. Temporal isolation 3. Behavioral isolation 4. Habitat isolation 5. Gametic isolation

Question 33

Post-zygotic mechanisms of reinforcement

Answer 33

1. Low hybrid zygote viability 2. Low hybrid adult viability 3. Hybrid infertility

Question 34

Hybrid zones

Answer 34

If reproductive isolation is not complete then closely related species may reproduce in areas where they are in contact

Question 35

Traits used to classify organisms

Answer 35

1. Behavior 2. Morphology 3. Molecularly 4. Paleontology 5. Development

Question 36

Homologous traits

Answer 36

Traits that descended from a common ancestor (in two or more species)

Question 37

Derived trait

Answer 37

A trait that differs from its ancestral form

Question 38

Domain

Answer 38

Classification above kingdom 1. Archaea 2. Bacteria 3. Eukarya

Question 39

Factors influencing speciation rates

Answer 39

1. Ecological 2. Population bottleneck 3. Type of population 4. Environmental changes 5. Sexual selection

Question 40

Founder effect

Answer 40

The reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestor

Question 41

Methods of sympatric speciation

Answer 41

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