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NTR 521- Macro Metab > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a gene (compared to a chromosome)?

A

The specific segment that controls protein expression. We have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total)

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2
Q

Are introns or exons cut out?

A

Introns cut out but can still influence what is expressed.

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3
Q

2 main inflammatory proteins (cytokines)

A

TNF alpha

NF kB

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4
Q

What are gene variations called and what is the most common variant called?

A

Alleles (different spellings)
Normal or wild type is most common

A polymorphism is a “minor” but is expressed in more than 1% of people

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5
Q

Typically need 2 recessive in phenotype to get genotype (CF) but what is a disease example that you only need one recessive?

A

Huntington’s Disease

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6
Q

What is the main cause for genetic variation?

A

SNPa single nucleotide polymorphism (1/1000) and a single base is substituted. (Changes folate metabolism and needs)
Nutrigenetics example.

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7
Q

4 ways that genes can be at a certain location (allele)

A

Homo, hetero, wild type (common), or mutant/variant

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8
Q

What are the common genes in breast CA that are mutated?

What mutation in Parkinson’s?

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes (turned off=bad)

Alpha-synuclein mutation (protein)

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9
Q

Early onset Alzheimer’s mutation?

Late onset?

A

Beta amyloid (even if Bb or bb will get disease) –diet can’t help

Apo lipoprotein e4 (apoE4)- 21% with this mutation get disease.–diet can help

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10
Q

What class does epigenetics fall under and 3 example

A

Change “above the gene” so nutrigenomics

Methylation, acetylation, miRNA

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11
Q

What are the two ways genes are regulated?

A

Change in gene (Snp, base inserted or deleted)

Change above gene (epigenetics- methyl, acetyl, mi)

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12
Q

What is nutrigenetics?

A

Persons genetic makeup influences their dietary needs/utilization/breakdown (T instead of C means need more folate because low MTHFR activity)

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13
Q

What is nutrigenomics?

A

How food and diet affect the expression of genes/proteins (eat soy and the fat impacts the transcription factor so we can turn on the right genes) –epigenetics too

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14
Q

Recs based on apoE type and fish oil?

A

ApoE4 can’t regulate lipids as well so no fish oil (raises LDL)

ApoE3 can do fish oil. No LDL change (wild type)

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15
Q

What is the association between sat fat and STAT3?

A

People with STAT3 disruptions (2 or more) eat sat fat and have higher waist, obesity and metS.

SNPs- reduce sat fat in diet.

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16
Q

We can’t change our genes but a study showed that active individuals could reduce BMI by what percent ?

A

40

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17
Q

What was the PREDIMED trail?

A

Large, see Med diet prevention of CVD in high risk (TCF7L2 C to T) by eating a score of 9 or above.
Found T allele and med diet increased health to like not having the “bad gene” (lower FBG, Lower stroke risk, TC, TG, LDL

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18
Q

Nutrigenomics EVOO example….

A

Med diet with EVOO or normal diet. Eating EVOO lowered INF expression (more so in virgin than washed= polyphenols)

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19
Q

How is Vit D a nutrigenomics example?

A

Eating VIt D changes VDR expression which the. Change calcium uptake factors.

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20
Q 
Name the fatty acid for each TF: 
SREBP
LXR
FXR
PPAR
A

Fatty acids
Green Tea (low inflammation)
Bile acids
PUFA

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21
Q

What is a PPAR?

A

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor that regulates FA metabolism that reacts with RXR that then bind gene to express proteins.
Basically a transcription factor.

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22
Q

How is the PPAR example nutrigenomics?

A

Eating fat (omega 3) allows for the TF to form that makes a lot of body changes (Lowe inflammation, more lipolysis, up oxidation)

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23
Q

What is DNA methylation and what is the effect?

A 
Epigenetics 
Adding CH3 to base 
Silences genes which is good or bad 
Happens while in utero, from parents diet, or enviro
Hypo methylation usually means bad
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24
Q

What did the mother mouse study show with methylation?

A

Higher B vits in mother diet had higher methylated baby. Which silenced the correct genes. Lean, healthy, proper life span.

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25
What did the baby mice have with low B Vit mother?
Higher adiposity Glc intolerance Higher tumor incidence
26
What is histone modification?
Epigenetics Histone is acetylation Makes DNA bind histones less and become open/accessible. More transcription happens. (Protein EXPRESSION) Deacetylation- genes silenced
27
What is HAT? What is HDAC?
Histone acyltransferase- expresses genes | Histone deacetylase- stops gene expression: silencing (sirtuins)
28
What are sirtuins?
Deacetylating proteins -gene silencer | There are 7 different ones and fasting or resveratrol impacts them. (Better BG and CVD factors)
29
What is miRNA?
Epigenetics Made from own introns on genes MiRNA binds to RNA that's making a protein and changes expression. (Silencing in breastmilk?)
30
Why do we care about genetics?
Our patients care Early detection Individualized care
31
4 main gut functions
Nutrient and fluid uptake Immune tolerance Defense against infections Signal to brain
32
3 main saliva enzymes
``` Salivary amylase (alpha 1-4 bonds-starch) Lingual lipase (TGs) Lysozyme (antimicrobial) ```
33
Stomach functions
Release hormones, IF, enzymes Regulates hunger Contracting pattern moves GI tract
34
Name 5 main stomach cells and what they produce
``` Mucus/neck = bicarbonate and mucus Chief = pepsinogen (optimal pH 3.5) Parietal = HCl and IF G/enteroendocrine= gastrin (signaled by gastrin, Ach, histamine) - causes hunger A/X cells- ghrelin- stimulates fasting ```
35
What age and name PPis?
"Azole", Prilosec, Nexium, previcaid | Binds the H+/K+ ATPase so that H cannot be released. This means H is not combined with Cl and no acid is released.
36
What are and name histamine 2 receptor drugs?
"Idine", Zantac, Pepcid | Histamine stimulates acid secretion so the receptors are blocked and acid is not produced.
37
What is the cause of GERD?
Low LES pressure or higher stomach pressure than esophageal pressure so food comes up.
38
When is gastrin released and what does it stimulate?
Released when certain foods are eaten from stomach and proximal SI, gastric distension or HCL touching gastric mucosa. Stimulates parietal to release HCl and chief to release pepsinogen.
39
What is an orexigenic hormone and an example?
Stimulates food intake through hypothalamus (high when fasted) Ghrelin-made in stomach (A/X) Increases number of meals and in diet wt loss
40
3 main components of Gut-Brain Axis?
Hormones/nutrients, sympathetic nerves, organs
41
What is IGP?
Intragastric pressure. When it goes up, satiety goes up.
42
What does TLESR stand for and when?
Transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation | Triggered when eating and getting full in upper stomach. Stretched cells trigger these.
43
How are BMI and Kcal intake related?
If BMI is higher, it takes more kcal intake to reach max satiation.
44
What is H. pylori and what causes ulcers?
Gram neg bacteria in stomach that can cause ulcers. | Also smoking, drinking, stress, and NSAIDS.
45
How is SI protected from acidic chyme from stomach?
Pancreas releases bicarbonate and mucus from Brunner Glands in duodenum.
46
What are the 2 functions of the guts surface?
Filtration- selective permeable to allow nutrients into lumen Barrier- selective to prevent harmful organisms from entering. (Immune)
47
What is the rate limiting step in drugs and nutrient transport?
I stirred water layer that is mucous gel layer connected with phospholipids to water gel surface area. (NASAIDS can break phospholipids)
48
CHO enter the ____side of enterocyte and exit the _______ side.
Apical and basolateral
49
What is glycocalyx?
Layer of CHO on outside of cells. Help with signaling and nutrient absorption.
50
What are trans vs paracellular and the importance?
Trans is through the cells. | Paracellular is between the cells that is passive (especially after eating). Leaky gut is bad paracellular.
51
Define intestinal permeability.
How intestinal cells allow molecules to pas thru by non-mediated passive diffusion. Paracellular and changes with fasting and eating.
52
What can increase and decrease permeability?
Increase- alcohol, TPN, green and black pepper, MCT | Decrease- pro and prebiotics, EGCG, fermented soy milk
53
3 main colon functions?
Water absorption Electrolyte absorption Fermentation (Has flat villi vs SI)
54
What are functions of microbiota?
Nutrient metabolism, barrier, immunity, can change with diet/environment/the person. Makes SCFA
55
Main function of innate/immediate immune system? Main function of adaptive/learned?
Recognize PAMPs in the gut and immunological memory (T and B cells)
56
What does AMP and PRR stand for?
Antimicrobial peptide and pattern recognition receptors
57
What are the three ways a signal can reach a receptor on cell?
Membrane bound signal from other cell binds MHC. Ligand binds TLR in cell membrane. Membrane soluble ligand goes thru cell and binds intracellular receptor.
58
What are 2 main PRRs? (Pattern recognition receptors)?
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) targets gram neg bacteria and Toll-like Receptors (TLR) target microbial components
59
What is the difference between TRL4 and TRL9?
4 is bound by Gram Neg bacteria (LPS) and 9 is bound by gram pos bacteria. 4 inflammatory 9 anti inflammatory All in the innate system
60
Where is LPS?
LPS is on wall of gram neg bacteria (e coli) and when bacteria stimulates TRL4, inflammation occurs.
61
What are 3 main groups of APCs?
Monocytes/macrophages Dendritic cells B cells (innate and adaptive)
62
What are cytokines, examples, and where released from?
Protein chemical messengers Binds receptors of same or target cell Given off by monocytes/macrophages/T cells alpha TNF, IL-1, IL-6
63
How do dendritic cells work as APCs?
Process antigen material inside cell then present it to other cells on cell surface. Chemokines are released which are cytokines that attract other cells.
64
How do macrophages act as APCs?
They process the antigen material then use and MHC to present the material on the outside of the cell to B and T cells.
65
What is considered humoral and what is cell mediated in adaptive immunity?
Humoral is B cells using antigen to form memory to next exposure, and cell mediated is T cells using APC material to start cascades.
66
How are Th cells stimulates and what do they stimulate?
MHC on APC stimulates them | They tell B lymphocytes to differentiate, active NK and cytotoxic T cells, activate macrophages.
67
What is CD4?
Part of TH cells membrane that interacts with APC that helps cells communicate (drops in HIV)
68
What has to happen for a T cell to react or proliferate?.
It has to be stimulated by an antigen presenter before it can proliferate or give off cytokines.
69
A helper T cell starts as a template and can turn into what based on the signal?
TH1- autoimmune/intracellular antigens or TH2- allergic response/extracellular antigens
70
What types of B cells exist and where are there antibodies?
Plasma cells that release antibodies or memory cells that have antibody on membrane.
71
Name 3 main antibodies and location.
IgA- gut, mucosal surfaces and breast milk IgE- allergen response IgG- food sensitivities??
72
Name the steps of antibody release.
B cell signal led by antigen, B cell makes receptor, T cell activates B cell, B cell releases antibody (specific to the type of TH cell that signals)
73
What are outcomes of TH1 response and TH2 response?
IgG and inflammation IgE and inflammation and histamine
74
What is EoE?
Eosinophilic esophagitis when eosinophils get into esophageal epith. Can cause fibrosis /dysphagia/
75
What is a good EoE Tx?
Eliminate milk, soy, eggs, wheat or use elemental formula (Neocate)
76
What do T reg cells do and produce?
Suppress immune system by making antiinflammatory IL-10 and TGF-beta
77
How much of the epithelium is lymphocytes and what are they considered?
20% is lymphocytes and they are called IEL but considered GALT (mostly T cells)- mostly M cells too
78
What are the 4 route of entry into the system of an antigen?
Get in thru M cells Dendritic cells-sampled enviro between cells Paracellular leak between cells Signaling from lumen (TLR triggered so inflammation starts)
79
What is the function and 2 mechanisms of TReg cell reactions
Cell to cell dependent- T ref directly contacts other cell Cytokines produced to signal other cells- anti inflammatory IL 10 and TGF beta T reg suppresses the response
80
What are Peyers patches and where are they found?
Mostly aggregates of B cells and they are mainly in the ileum ( in lamina propina)
81
Name the cascade of events with M cells and IGA into gut lumen.
Antigen enters thru M cell- antigen signals lymphoid follicle- follicle releases plasma cell- plasma cell releases IGA that crosses epith out into lumen-
82
Name the T cell jobs during a Th2 food allergy response.
If a T effector is stimulated, there is a response. | If a T regulatory is stimulated, t effector cells are stopped from being active.
83
How do the gut and microbiota talk?
Gut uses T reg cells, T cells, IGA, and AMPs to talk to microbiota MAMPs/PAMPs and SCFA. Human has PPR (TRL) that senses what is in the lumen and bacteria give off MAMP/PAMP and LPS ( gram neg)
84
How do different bacteria signal the immune system?
Pathogenic-activate immune system (TRL4) | Commensal Bacteria- suppress immune system (TRL 9 and TRL 2)
85
What are 3 ways tolerance or immune suppression can happen?
Commensal bacteria inhibit NF-kB Reg T cells produce anti inflammatory IL10 Dendritic cells communicate with epithelium to make IL10
86
How was Met S r/t intestinal permeability?
People with MetS had more leaky guts which could be caused by Sat fat, stress, inflammation,
87
What are 3 main ways the gut loses integrity?
Malnutrition TPN Alcohol
88
TPN causes:
GALT atrophy Decreased immune system Less good bacteria (Longer on TPN, IGA main gut antibody, went down)
89
What are 3 main SCFA? Made from probiotics?
Butyrate Acetate Propionate
90
What food CHO is broken down by luminal hydrolysis? What is it broken to?
Starch is broken into maltose, maltotriose, and alpha-dextrins
91
What does the brush border hydrolysis? Into what?
Maltose/maltotriose/alpha dextrins are turned into glucose. Lacoste into glc and galactose Sucrose into glucose and fructose
92
What enzymes are for luminal digestion?
Salivary alpha amylase. Pancreatic alpha amylase (CHO in SI signals CCK release from I cells to signal the pancreas to release amylase from acinar cells)
93
What enzymes are used on the brush border?
``` Alpha dextrinase (isomaltase) Glucoamylase Sucrase Maltase Lactase ```
94
What does pancreatic alpha amylase target?
Mostly amylose or parts of amylopectin to end with 2-3 starch units
95
Amylose end products / amylopectin end products
Glucose maltose maltotriose / maltose maltotriose dextrans
96
Oligosaccharidases are complexes that breeakdown into what?
Sucrose becomes maltose and maltotriose. Isomaltose becomes both of these plus dextrans. Maltose and glycoamylase- same
97
How are glucose and galactose absorbed?
Apical SGLT-1 | One glu/gal and one Na go in and glu goes out basolateral while Na goes out and K comes in (uses ATP)
98
How is fructose absorbed?
GLUT5 Facilitated transport no Na needed. Usually works in apical but can move to basolateral if needed
99
Where is GLUT2 mainly found and what does it do?
Mostly basolateral transport of fructose, glucose, galactose. Can move to apical side if you eat too much sugar.

NTR 521- Macro Metab (3 decks)

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