Exam 1 Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Abnormal Behavior
A
different from what is normal or average: unusual especially in a way that causes problems
2
Q
Social Mores
A
cultural norms influence view of what is abnormal- usually results in personal distress
3
Q
Thomas Szasz
A
believes there is no such thing as mental illness just “problems in living”- just a deviation from societal norms
4
Q
ADHD
A
diagnosed around 1st grade, much more common in boys. Adderal diagnosed because it is a stimulant that will level the blood pressure (under-aroused to aroused)
5
Q
Biopsychosocial Model
A
Model composed of:
Biological Factors: (low serotonin levels)
Psych Factors: (depression, explaining “Fontana gave an easy test”)
Social Factors: (family, friends, abusive relationship)
6
Q
DSM-5
A
Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association, Objective Criterion
7
Q
OCD
A
composed of obsession: recurrent, unwanted thoughts
compulsions: repetitive behaviors
affects males and females equally
2.2 American adults, 1/3 show symptoms as children
runs in families
treatment: medications, exposure-based therapies, desensitization
8
Q
Systematic Desensitization
A
Wolpe- exposure technique through images. (dog on steps example)
9
Q
Opiod
A
- class of drugs that are barbiturates w/ specific effects
- used to treat pain, patients are weened off
- cause euphoria and psych effects due to strong release of dopamine and neurotransmitters like cocaine and adderal (not opioids though)
- tolerance develops which requires more intake, but this leads to higher risk of overdose
- controls heart and breathing area in back of brain, opiod will suppress this and slow the system to death
- cocaine is stimulant, so this will cause tacchycardia and the heart will beat out of rhythm
10
Q
Doctor Shoppin
A
Going to doctors over and over typically in ER’s because your doctor won’t write more prescriptions
11
Q
Opium Derived From
A
Poppy Juice (papaver somniferum)
12
Q
Rebound Effect Opiod
A
opposite effects of drug occur when in withdrawal-
agitated, anxious, irritable, sweating
13
Q
Rebound Effect Alcohol
A
Depressant so: seizures will occur when neurons start to fire rapidly, have to be in hospital for alcohol withdrawal
14
Q
Alcohol’s effects on brain
A
suppresses neurons in neocortex in prefrontal lobe (emotional, personality, inhibitions)
front-> memory-> brain stem (heart rate, respiratory)
15
Q
Naltrexone
A
Drug distributed for opiod overdose- blocks receptor sites. Best treatment option is combo of behavioral counseling and medication
16
Q
Wilheim Wundt
A
1879 first psych lab in Leipzig, Germany
17
Q
Edward Tichner
A
consciousness and basic elements, believed in sensation and perception (structuralism)
18
Q
William James
A
purpose of behavior and consciousness, what drives behavior (functionalism)
19
Q
G. Stanley Hall
A
Studied with Wundt
1st psych lab at Johns Hopkins in 1883
1 president of APA
20
Q
John Watson
A
Founder of Behavioralism- observable behavior
Little Albert Experiment
21
Q
B.F. Skinner
A
1971- Beyond Freedom and Dignity
Hamilton College
Skinner Box
22
Q
Shaping
A
technique used by Skinner to reinforce successive approximations to desired behavior (shaping)
23
Q
Psychology
A
Philosophy and Physiology
24
Q
Classical Conditioning
A
Developed by Ivan Pavlov
Unconditioned stimulus(rat)-> Unconditioned Response(-)
Unconditioned Stimulus(rat)-> conditioned stimulus(metal)
Conditioned Stimulus(rat)-> Conditioned Response(fear)
At least 5 times
25
Stimulus Generalization
Associating things unrelated with phobia (santa, etc.)
26
Observational Learning
learning something through observation (majority of phobias don't come from classical conditioning)
27
Mesolimbic Reward System
drugs stimulate opiod receptors in brain in ventral segmental area-> produce dopamine and releases -> nucleus accumbens-> pleasure
PFC to VTA helps overcome unsafe urges, this feedback is compromised in addicted people
28
Behavioral Counseling
What in your environment is triggering drug use?
1) find other resources for trigger
2) encourage compliance with medication
29
Methadone Clinics
Agonist- mimics effects of heroin, relieves symptoms, and reduces cravings
30
Sigmund Freud
Unconscious Behavior 1) sexual impulse 2) aggression impulse (both impulses sought gratification w/o thinking of reality)
31
EGO
deals with demands of reality (freud)
32
SUPEREGO
deals with morals and conscious (freud)
33
Psychoanalysis
technique of Freud used to treat patients typically with anxiety 1) Free Association 2) Transference 3) Seduction Theory
34
Free Association
One thing related to another although not evident, dreams, free speech
35
Transference
Patient becomes too comfortable with therapist and begins fighting, etc.
36
Counter- Transference
Therapist begins to build inappropriate reference with patient
37
3 Parts of Mind Believed by Freud
1) unconscious 2) preconscious 3) conscious
38
Dream Interpretation by Freud
window to unconscious, wish fulfillment
39
Oedipus Complex (used by Freud)
3/4 years old who loves mother and develops jealousy and envy for father
40
Anorexia
means away from eating
- .5-3.7% of females suffer in lifetime
- resistant to maintaining normal weight
- intense fear of gaining weight
- denial of seriousness of low body weight
- infrequent or absent menstrual periods due to lack of lipids
- twin studies support genetic transmission
41
Bulimia
1-4.2% of females have bulimia in lifetime
- recurrent binge eating w/ lack of control
- recurrent compensatory behavior such as self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, enemas, excessive exercise
- occur on average 2x week for 3 mths
- twin studies support genetic transmission
42
Binge-eating disorder
2-5% of americans experience it in 6mth period
- caused by negative feelings and hunger trigger binges
- increased risk of eating disorders in girls w/ early menstruation (hormonal influence)
43
Depression Symptoms
Sadness, anxious, hopelessness, guilt, loss of interest, less energy, difficulty concentrating, insomnia, weight loss/gain, thoughts of suicide, restlessness, headaches, digestive disorders, pain
- Womens 2x more depressed, men more successful w/ attempts due to violent means
- 16% will have in lifetime, runs in families, onset age 20
44
Unipolar Depression
Symptoms only characterized by depression and last more than 2 weeks
45
Bipolar Disorder (depression)
Depression w/ mania
46
Causes of Depression
Genetics, Loss, Sexual/Physical/ Emotional Abuse, Poverty, Low self-esteem, chemical imbalances of neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine)
47
Prozac
SSRI- serotonin synaptic- cleft inhibitor
48
Cognitive Behavioral therapy
changing thoughts and behavior
49
Depression Attributions
```
______
internal " it's all my fault"
stable " I will always be this way"
global " I am totally unattractive in every way"
++++++
external " easy exam"
```
50
Albert Ellis
cognitive behavioral specialist
51
Ellis' ABCD method
rational- emotive therapy
A) Activating event (stressor)
B) Beliefs Activated by A, irrational
C) Consequence and behavioral consequences in reaction to B
D) Disputing and Changing B
- different from psychoanalysis because you're challenging the person
-lasts 10-12 sessions rather than years
HW: change behavior, social skills training, group-therapy
52
Aaron Beck
deals with negative thinking on self, world, future
- depressed people develop negative schema through loss, social rejection, or potential depression
- activation of negative schema when encounter new situations that resemble conditions in which negative schema were learned
53
Cognitive Biases of Beck's Therapy
people magnify negative, minimize positive
| - arbitrary inference- conclusion drawn w/o evidence
54
Beck's Therapy
- change negative schema
- challenge automatic thoughts about self that are negative
- develop new positive self-statements
55
Schizophrenia Hallucinations
- auditory: hearing things (most common)
- visual: sees someone and hears them talking
- tactile: touch and feel something is there
- olfactory: smelling something not there
1% experience Schizophrenia
56
John Nash
Nobel laureate, mathematician, paranoid schizophrenic
| - convinced he was most creative in schizophrenic state son also had schizophrenia
57
+ symptoms of Schiz
unusual thoughts or perceptions, hallucinations, new words
58
- symptoms of Schiz
resemble depression, not speaking, blunt affect, no expression in face, decrease in pleasure
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Cognitive symptoms of Schiz
problems with attention, certain types of memory, problems with planning and organizing
60
Wavy Flexibility
psychomotor symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia where you stay in a position for a prolonged period of time
61
Main Neurotransmitter for Schiz
Dopamine (D2 receptor sites)
- too sensitive or too abundant
- medication blocks D2 receptor sites
C4 gene- higher level of C4, responsible for synaptic pruning, may be assoc. with developing schiz
62
Statistics of Schiz
Can be inherited
- 1% has it but 10% of 1st degree relatives have it and 2nd degree also show relation
- identical twin studies 40-65% get it
- environment has strong effect on relapse
63
Tardive Dyskinesia
- facial movements, getting face stuck
| - side effects of older antipsychotics such as haldol
64
Risperdal, Seroquel
-newer antipsychotic that can cause weight gain- specifically in breasts
65
PTSD
- found in people who have been exposed to traumatic event (rape, war, accident)
- response to fear, helplessness, horror
66
PTSD intrusive recollection
- recurrent and intrusive recollections of event
- recurrent dreams
- acting or feeling the event is recurring (flashbacks)
- intense psychological distress to internal/external cues that relate to traumatic event
67
PTSD Avoidant Numbing
- avoidance of stimuli assoc. w/ trauma w/ at least 3 of following:
1) efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, convos assc. w/trauma
2) efforts to avoid activities, places assoc, w/ trauma
3) inability to recall trauma or aspect of it
4) less interest in activities
5) detachment from others
6) restricted affect/emotion
7) sense of foreshortened future
68
PTSD Hyper-Arousal
1) difficulty sleeping
2) irritability, anger
3) difficulty concentrating
4) hyper-vigilance
5) exaggerated startle-response
69
PTSD Duration
symptoms must last more than 1 month
70
PTSD Functional Significance
causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
71
Maslow
humanist, hierarchy of needs, positive, upbeat
72
Introspection
careful, systematic self-observation of one's own conscious experience
73
Applied Psychology
branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems
74
Clinical Psychology
branch of psychology concerned with diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders
75
Cognition
mental processes involved in acquiring knowledege
76
Evolutionary Psychology
behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over course of many generations
77
Positive Psychology
uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence
78
Psychology
science that studies behavior and physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it
79
Stress
any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one's well-being and that thereby tax one's coping abilities
80
Acute stressors
threatening events that have a short duration and clear endpoint
81
chronic stressors
threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit
82
approach-approach conflict
choice between two attractive goals
83
avoidance-avoidance conflict
choice between two unattractive goals
84
approach-avoidance conflict
choice between a goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspects
85
fight-or-flight response
physiological reaction to threat in which the autonomic nervous system mobilizes the organism for attacking (fight) or fleeing (flight) an enemy
86
General Adaptation Syndrome
the body's stress response 1) alarm 2) resistance 3) exhaustion
87
Epidemiology
study of distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population
88
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat
89
Phobic Disorder
persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
90
panic disorder
recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occurs suddenly and unexpectedly
91
agoraphobia
fear of going out to public places
92
dissassociative disorders
class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in sense of identity
93
dissociative amnesia
sudden loss of memory for important personal info that is too extensive to be due to a normal forgetting
94
dissociative fugue
people lose memory for entire lives along with personal sense of identity
95
Multiple Personality Disorder
coexistence of one or more very different personalities
96
Bipolar Disorder
experience of one or more manic episodes as well as periods of depression
97
Paranoid Schiz
dominated by delusions of persecution, along with delusions of grandeur
98
catatonic schiz
striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity
99
disorganized schiz
particularly severe deterioration of adaptive behavior
100
undifferentiated schiz
idiosyncratic mixtures of schizophrenic symptoms
101
expressed emotion
degree to which a relative of a patient displays highly critical or emotionally over involved attitudes toward patient
102
Psychiatrists
specialize in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
103
Client-centered therapy
insight therapy that emphasizes a supportive emotional climate for clients
