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RUSVM PID > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Opportunistic disease

A

Pre-infection before clinical signs show. Often times disease is due to a weakened immune system

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2
Q

What is the response period for innate/adaptive immunity?

A

Innate: minutes/hours
Adaptive: days

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3
Q

What are the self recognizing cells in the innate immune system?

A

PRRs (recognize PAMPs)
-PAMPs are on the surface of the microbe, they will bind to the PRRs on the macrophage cell, the microbe will then be engulfed and digested
Toll like receptors
NK cells

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4
Q

Endogenic infection

A

Reactivity on of previously dormant bacteria. Can be caused from stress.

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5
Q

Obligate symbionts

A

Require a host

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6
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulfment and digestion of infectious agents or other foreign bodies by phagocytic cells

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7
Q

Host specificity

A

Parasites prefer specific hosts and require a specific host to complete life cycle

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8
Q

Example of gram-negative enterobacteriacae

A

E. Coli

Salmonella

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9
Q

What are the two structural classes of a bacterial envelope?

A

Gram-positive

Gram-negative

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10
Q

Premunition

A

Resistance to reinfect ion or super infection due to presence of parasites that are alive but in check by host immunity

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11
Q

What are three secretion systems?

A

Porin
Injection system
Membrane vesicles

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12
Q

Obligate pathogen

A

Pathogen must cause disease in current host before moving to the next host cell

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13
Q

What are the functions of the bacterial envelope?

A

Protection
package internal components
provide structural rigidity
produce energy

Some also: enable adhesion, provide resistance to antibiotics or detergents, enable mating

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14
Q

What is the cellular mechanism of innate immunity?

A

Phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils)

Natural killer cells

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15
Q

What are the 6 common entry routes for parasites?

A 
Ingestion
Skin or mucosal penetration
Transplacental 
Transmammary
Arthropod bite
Sexual contact
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16
Q

Incidental host

A

Unusual host, unnecessary for maintenance of the parasite in nature

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of gram-positive cells

A

Thick peptidoglycan layer
Teichoic acids attached to peptidoglycan
Stains purple

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18
Q

Where are a large amount of neutrophils stored?

A

Bone marrow

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19
Q

What are the functions of type I interferon?

A
  1. Induce resistance to viral replication in the cell
  2. Increase MHC class I expression and antigen presentation in all cells
  3. Activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells
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20
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

No need for oxygen to grow

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21
Q

Exogenic infection

A

Infection coming from outside the host

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22
Q

What 6 concepts do we need to know about HHM as a vet?

A
  • functional structure of the farm relating to health, production, economics, animal welfare and environment
  • pathophysiology, diagnosis, disease prevention and production deficiencies
  • epidemiological skills (diagnostic test parameters, outbreak investigation, surveillance, interpret results)
  • data processing techniques
  • communication and education
  • food/public safety aspects
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23
Q

What are three virulence factors against phagocytes?

A 
Extracellular bacteria (capsule/metabolites)
Biofilm
Facultative intracellular
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24
Q

Endotoxins provide significant immune response. (T/F)

A

False- these components hide from the immune system

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25
What is an example of a gram-negative endotoxin?
LPS- made up of lipid A on the inner core, also contains O-antigen on the outer core which triggers the immune system Functions to protect bacteria from toxins
26
What are the characteristics of insects?
Three pairs of legs Head, thorax and abdomen Antenna
27
What are the components of the adaptive immune system that recognize self from non-self?
Antigen presentation Antibodies T-cell receptors
28
What are two classes of Arthropods?
Arachnids | Insects
29
What is the importance of a capsule?
Assists in bacterial invasion by prevention of engulfment via WBC Aids in attachment Increased tolerance to antimicrobial agents
30
Subunit vaccines
Antigenic part of bacteria isolated | Humoral activation only
31
When is a drastic increase in NK cells seen?
After a viral infection
32
What type of antigens do capsules, flagella and pili have?
Capsule: k-antigen Flagella: h-antigen Pili: F-antigens
33
Does multiplication of Protozoa occur within the host?
Yes
34
Facultative pathogen
Organisms are present in the body, but no harm is caused under normal conditions
35
Three things to keep in mind for parasite diagnosis.
Host species Site of infection Size of parasite
36
What is the life span of a neutrophil?
1 day
37
What type of immune cell is important in the defense against helminths?
Eosinophils
38
Intermediate host
Harbors larval or asexual stage of parasite
39
What is an endotoxin?
Cell wall components in bacteria causing lots of cell damage with little immune response
40
Septicemia
Infection in the bloodstream
41
What are characteristics of nematodes (roundworms)?
``` Free-living/parasitic Elongated Alimentary canal present (digestive system) Sexes are separate Direct life cycle ```
42
Eukaryotic cells
Contain a nucleus Have membrane bound organelles Large and complex
43
What are the virulence factors involved in adhesion?
Flagella | Pili
44
Explain loss of nutrients in relation to virulence.
Competition with host for nutrients, interface with nutrient absorption, nutrient loss
45
Definitive host
Harbors adult or sexual stage of parasite | Adult worms DON'T multiply here
46
Example of gram-negative non-fermentative rods.
Bordetella Pseudomonas Pasteurella Brucello
47
What is the function of the surface components?
Flagella-motility Pili/fimbriae-adherence to surfaces or bacterial interaction Sex pilus-bacterial conjunction transfer of plasmids Secretion systems-release of proteins
48
Does multiplication of Helminths occur in the host?
No
49
Live attenuated vaccines
Cellular and humoral activation Fast production Not very common for bacteria
50
What is the vet's role in regards to parasitology?
``` Know parasites that cause disease Which are clinically relevant Which are zoonotic Diagnostic tools used to detect parasites Minimize impact on production Daily treatments used in practice Sustainable interventions to manage ```
51
What is the difference of ectoparasite vs. endoparasite?
Ectoparasite: lives on the host and causes infestation Endoparasite: lives in the host and causes infection
52
Bacterins
Inactivated complete bacteria isolated from diseased animal | Humoral activation only
53
What is adaptive immunity?
Antibody response (humoral) and lymphocyte-mediated response (cell-mediated) tailored to particular infection characterized by memory
54
What function does the cytoplasm facilitate and what three molecules make up the cytoplasm?
Facilitate chemical reactions and dissolve solutes containing nucleoid and ribosomes Macromolecules Small molecules Inorganic ions
55
How does bacteria evade the innate immune system?
Intracellular multiplication Virulence factors directed against phagocytes Enzymes that degrade
56
What is a way bacteria can evade the host immune system?
Intracellular multiplication
57
What are characteristics of arachnids?
Four pairs of legs (adult) larvae have 3 pairs Body has a cephalo-thorax and abdomen No antenna
58
What are the major cell types of the adaptive immune system?
T cells B cells Antigen presenting cells
59
What are characteristics of Trematoda? (Flukes)
Dorso-ventrally flat (flounder like) Leaf like Oral and ventral suckers
60
Examples of gram-positive aerobic rods
Bacillus Listeria Mycobacterium
61
What are two examples of arachnids?
Ticks | Mites
62
What is an example of a beta interferon?
Fibroblast interferon
63
What are four types of insects?
Fleas Flies Louse Hemiptera (bed bugs)
64
Sub clinical disease
No recognizable clinical symptoms, patient may not be feeling normal but not actually sick. (Ex. Mastitis)
65
What are two examples of gram-positive endotoxins?
Lipoteichoic acid | Peptidoglycan
66
What is the key importance of endospores?
Dormant bacteria can survive in adverse conditions for long periods
67
What are major cell types of the innate immune response?
Phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils) NK cells Dendritic cells
68
How can tapeworms be transmitted to humans?
Eating raw/undercooked pork or ingesting the egg accidentally
69
What are the three types of symbiotic bacteria?
Mutualism: +/+ Commensalism: +/0 Parasitism: +/-
70
What is an anatoxin?
Chemically treated toxin No longer toxic but still antigenic Ex: vaccine
71
What is a parasite?
Small organism that lives on or in and at the expense of a host
72
Examples of gram-positive anaerobic rods
Clostridium
73
Describe characteristics of Protozoa
Unicellular | Eukaryotic
74
Type III exotoxins are made up of two components, what are they and what do they do?
A component: goes intracellular | B component: binds to the membrane
75
Facultative anaerobes
Prefers oxygenated environment, but can grow in either
76
What are 5 constitutional factors of innate immunity?
``` Genetic Age Metabolic factors Neuroendocrine Environment ```
77
What is virulence?
Degree or severity of disease caused by a microbe
78
Acquired immunity
Specific immunity response resulting from previous infection
79
What zoonotic parasite is seen in cat litter?
Toxoplasma gondii
80
What does a bacterial membrane contain?
Cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall and capsule (+/-)
81
Where are natural barriers and normal flora found?
``` Skin GI tract Respiratory tract Urogenital tract Eyes ```
82
Characteristics of a prokaryotic cell
Lack nucleus No membrane bound organelles Small and simplistic
83
What are the virulence factors involved in invasion?
Capsule Toxins Biofilms
84
What is contained within the nucleoid?
DNA, RNA, nucleoid associated proteins (NAPs), DNA gyrase and topoisomerase
85
Toxoid vaccines
Includes the exotoxins | Humoral activation only
86
Explain penetration of anatomical barriers
Parasites use mechanical or biting mouthparts as well as molecular interaction
87
Virulence factors
Structural or chemical components of the microbe that cause disease
88
What are the four types of surface components?
Flagella Pili/fimbrae Sex pilus Secretion systems
89
Facultative symbionts
Interacting species that derive benefit from each other, but don't necessarily need each other to survive
90
What are the 5 objectives of herd health management?
- Optimize health status by preventing health, production and reproduction problems - optimize productivity by improving HHM - optimize animal welfare and ecological quality of measurement - optimize quality and safety of dairy/meat products - optimize profitability of enterprises
91
What are the functions of the cytoplasmic membrane?
Selective permeability layer Key role in ETC and proton motive force Anchor for external surfaces
92
Explain hyperacute, acute, subacute and chronic disease
Hyperacute: rapid onset of disease, leads to death quickly Acute: rapid onset of disease, brief period of symptoms, resolution in days with antibiotics and fluids Subacute: patient gradually gets worse Chronic: long and ongoing
93
What are biofilms composed of and why are they hard to treat?
Composed of polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids Harder to treat due to reduced susceptibility to antibiotics
94
Describe a plasmid
Circular DNA replicating separately from the nucleoid Non-essential in normal conditions Contain genes associated with causing disease or survival in antimicrobial presence
95
Explain the effects of exotoxins Type I, II, & III.
Type I: disturbance of cell metabolism (C. Perfringens) Type II: cell wall damage (S. aureus) Type III: intracellular toxins (Botulism)
96
What is the primary function of a neutrophil?
Phagocytize and kill EXTRACELLULAR bacterial and yeasts pathogens in acute inflammation
97
Examples of gram-positive aerobic cocci
Staphylococcus Streptococcus Enterococcus
98
What are the characteristics of a gram-negative cell?
Thin peptidoglycan layer Contain LPS in the outer membrane Stains pink
99
What type of cells commonly form spores?
Gram positive cells Bacillus Clostridium
100
What are the three main parasites that are zoonotic?
Helminths Ectoparasite Protozoa
101
What are four components of exotoxins?
Bacterial metabolites High molecular weight=antigenic Three classes (I, II, & III) Anatoxins
102
What are the factors that virulence and pathogenesis is dependent on?
``` Infective dose and exposure Penetration of anatomical barriers Attachment Cell and tissue damage (mechanical damage/toxic products) Loss of nutrients ```
103
What larvae penetrates the skin and creates cutaneous larval migrans(inflammatory tracks)?
Hookworms
104
What is the herd health management approach?
Optimize health, welfare, and production based on records Based on prevention Proactive approach to health management
105
Pathogenicity
Ability of an organism to cause disease
106
What is an example of an alpha interferon?
Leukocyte interferon
107
What four things do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?
Cytoplasm Cell membrane Ribosomes DNA
108
Explain the two aspects of cell and tissue damage. (Mechanical damage and toxic products)
Mechanical damage: blockage of internal organs, pressure atrophy and migration through tissue Toxic products: destructive enzymes, endotoxins, toxic secretions
109
Nematodes hide in the host, emerge in synchrony and break down mucosal lining of the large intestine. What kind of virulence is this?
Penetration of anatomical barrier
110
What are helminths and three classes of them?
Worm-like animals showing differentiation Nematode (roundworm) Cestode (tapeworm-flatworm) Trematode (fluke-flatworm)
111
Explain the direct transmission states for infection
1. Susceptible 2. Time of infection 3. Latent period (infection setting in and multiplying) 4. Infectious period (animal can shed infection) 5. Non-infectious (host is removed or recovered)
112
What are three characteristics of alpha/beta interferons?
Type I Inducing agents Antiviral action
113
What is the traditional approach to herd health management?
Based on treatment of sick animals only | More medical management and less prevention
114
Examples of gram-negative anaerobic rods.
Clostridium | Fusobacterium
115
Nematode infection in an animal's small intestine resulting in blockage, what kind of virulence is this?
Mechanical damage
116
A small dog has a severe tick infestation and experiences anemia, what kind of virulence factor is this?
Loss of nutrients
117
What are characteristics of Cestoda (tapeworms)?
Flat body No alimentary canal-absorb everything Contain a head (with suckers to hold onto intestines) Contains strobila (body) with proglottid (segments) Each proglottid is hermaphroditic
118
What is innate immunity?
Functions in normal hosts WITHOUT previous exposure to invading microbes
119
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Don't use oxygen, uniform growth, won't be harmed if oxygen is present
120
What are the 7 farm operational areas?
``` Animal nutrition Health care Reproduction Milk production Herd replacement Fixed assets/labor Cash management ```
121
Explain direct transmission states of disease.
1. Susceptible 2. Time of infection 3. Incubation period (infected but no clinical signs) 4. Symptomatic period (display clinical signs) 5. Non-infectious (removed or recovered)
122
What are the steps of disease occurrence?
Adhesion Invasion Toxin release
123
Obligate aerobes
Require oxygen for growth

RUSVM PID (1 decks)

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