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PSY 251: BioPsych > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter produced and released by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

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2
Q

arachnoid

A

the middle of the meninges of the brain, between dura mater and pia mater

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3
Q

astrocyte

A

star-shaped glial cell with numerous extensions in all directions; provides structural support for the brain

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4
Q

autonomic ganglia

A

collections of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of peripheral nervous system that supplies neural connections to glands and smooth muscles of internal organs; has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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6
Q

axon

A

single extension from nerve cell that carries nerve impulse from cell body to other neurons

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7
Q

axon hillock

A

cone-shaped area from which axon originates out of the cell body; integration zone of the neuron

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8
Q

axon terminal/synaptic bouton

A

end of an axon, which forms a synapse on a neuron

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9
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

makes movement of substances from blood vessels into brain cells more difficult; protects brain from chemical damage

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10
Q

central nervous system

A

portion of nervous system that contains the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

fluid that fills cerebral ventricles

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12
Q

cranial nerve

A

nerve connected directly to the brain; 12 motor/sensory nerves; part of PNS

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13
Q

dendrite

A

extension of cell body; receptive surface of neuron

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14
Q

dura mater

A

outermost of the meninges that surround brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

glial cells

A

nonneuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain

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16
Q

innervate

A

to provide neural input

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17
Q

interneuron

A

neither sensory nor motor; receives input from and sends input to other neurons

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18
Q

meninges

A

three protective sheets of tissue around brain and spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater)

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19
Q

motor neuron

A

neuron in brain or spinal cord that transmits motor messages to a muscle

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20
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

disorder characterized by widespread degeneration of myelin

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21
Q

multipolar neuron

A

nerve cell with many dendrites and single axon

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22
Q

myelin

A

fatty insulation around an axon, formed by glial cells; improves speed of conduction of nerve impulses

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23
Q

nerve

A

collection of axons bundled together in the PNS

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24
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical released from presynaptic axon terminal that serves as the basis of communication between neurons

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25
nodes of Ranvier
gap between successive segments of myelin
26
norepinephrine
hormone secreted by adrenal medulla under control of sympathetic nervous system; prepares body for action
27
oligodendrodcyte
type of glial cell that forms myelin in the CNS
28
parasympathetic nervous system
division of autonomic nervous system that arises from cranial nerves and sacral spinal cord; calms body
29
peripheral nervous system
includes all nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord
30
pia mater
innermost of the three meninges
31
postganglionic neurons
run from autonomic ganglia to innervate parts of body
32
postsynaptic
region of a synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitter
33
postsynaptic membrane
specialized membrane on surface of cell that receives info; contains receptor proteins that allow it to respond to neurotransmitter molecules
34
preganglionic neurons
neurons in CNS that innervate autonomic ganglia
35
presynaptic
region of synapse that releases neurotransmitter
36
presynaptic membrane
specialized membrane of axon terminal of the neuron that transmits info; vesicles bearing transmitter can bind to this membrane and release contents
37
Schwann cell
glial cell that forms myelin in the PNS
38
sensory nerve
nerve that conveys info from periphery into the CNS
39
spinal/somatic nerve
nerve that emerges from spinal cord; 31 pairs
40
sympathetic chain
chain of glia that runs along each side of the spinal column; part of the sympathetic nervous system
41
sympathetic nervous system
division of autonomic nervous system that arises from thoracic and lumbar spinal cord; excites body
42
synapse
gap between neurons where info is passed from one to the other
43
synaptic vesicle
structure that contains molecules of a neurotransmitter
44
tract
bundle of axons in the CNS
45
unipolar neuron
nerve cell with a single branch that leaves the body and extends in two directions; one end is receptive and the other is the output zone
46
ventricular system
system of fluid-filled cavities inside the brain
47
dualism
promoted by Decartes; the mind is subject only to spiritual interactions, while the body is subject only to material interactions
48
action potential
propagated electrical message of a neuron that travels along the axon to the presynaptic axon terminals
49
agonist
molecule (drug) that binds to a receptor molecule and initiates a response similar to a neurotransmitter
50
all-or-none property
the fact that the amplitude of an action potential is independent of the magnitude of the stimulus
51
anion
negatively charged ion
52
batrachotoxin
selectively interferes with sodium channels
53
bungarotoxin
selectively blocks acetylcholine receptors
54
cation
positively charged ion
55
curare
alkaloid neurotoxin that causes paralysis by blocking acetylcholine receptors in a muscle
56
degradation
the chemical breakdown of a neurotransmitter into inactive parts
57
depolarization
a reduction in membrane potential; interior of neuron becomes less negative; gets closer to action potential
58
down-regulation
compensatory reduction in receptor availability at the synapses of a neuron
59
electrical synapse
presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are so close that the action potential can jump across it without being translated into a chemical message
60
electrostatic pressure
charge molecules move via diffusion towards areas with opposite charge
61
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
depolarizing potential in the postsynaptic region that is caused by excitatory connections; increase probability that neuron will fire an action potential
62
exocytosis
synaptic vesicle fuses with presynaptic terminal membrane to release transmitter into synaptic cleft
63
G proteins
class of proteins that reside next to intracellular portion of receptor and are activated when the receptor binds to an appropriate ligand on the extracellular surface
64
hyperpolarization
increase in membrane potential; inside of neuron becomes more negative; further away from action potential
65
inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
hyperpolarizing potential in postsynaptic neuron causes by inhibitory connections; decrease probability that neuron will fire action potential
66
ion channel
pore in cell membrane that permits passage of certain ion when open
67
ionotropic receptor
receptor protein that includes an ion channel that is opened when the receptor is bound by an agonist
68
ligand
substance that binds to receptor molecules
69
ligand-gated ion channel
ion channel that opens or closes in response to the presence of a particular chemical; ionotropic receptor
70
local potential
electrical potential that is initiated at a specific site; graded response that spreads passively across cell membrane, decreasing in strength with time and distance
71
metabotropic receptor
receptor protein that doesn't contain an ion channel but may when activated use a G protein system to open a nearby ion channel
72
resting membrane potential
difference in electrical potential across the membrane of a nerve cell during an inactive period
73
retrograde synapse
synapse in which a signal (usually a gas transmitter) flows from the post to presynaptic neuron
74
reuptake
process by which released synaptic transmitter molecules are taken up and reused by the presynaptic neuron, thus stopping synaptic activity
75
saltatory conduction
action potential jumps from one node to the next
76
saxitoxin
blocks sodium channels
77
second messenger
slow-acting substance in postsynaptic cell that amplifies the effects of the synaptic activity
78
sodium-potassium pump
energetically expensive mechanism that pushes 3 sodium ions out of a cell and pulls 2 potassium ions in
79
tetrodotoxin
blocks voltage-gated sodium channel, preventing action potential
80
transporters
receptors in the presynaptic membrane that recognize transmitter molecules and return them to the presynaptic neuron for reuse
81
up-regulation
compensatory increase in receptor availability at the synapses of a neuron
82
voltage-gated sodium channel
sodium-selective channel that opens or closes in response to changes in the voltage of the local membrane potential
83
the most basic excitable element of the neural cell
ion channel
84
Wallerian degeneration
when detached section of a chopped-off axon dies
85
retrograde degeneration
when the axon still attached to the soma dies after having a part chopped off
86
chromatolysis
soma begins to degenerate after part of axon chopped off and starts to lose Nissl substance
87
can PNS or CNS reverse neural cell damage
PNS: Schwann cells stimulate neural growth via nerve growth factor
88
axons in PNS vs CNS
axons in PNS: nerves | axons in CNS: tracts
89
cell bodies in PNS vs CNS
in PNS: ganglia | in CNS: nuclei
90
bundles of axons and cell bodies in PNS
axons: nerves | cell bodies: ganglia
91
bundles of axons and cell bodies in CNS
axons: tracts | cell bodies: nuclei
92
two types of acetylcholine receptors
nicotinic and muscarinic
93
sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic release
acetylcholine onto nicotinic (main) and muscarinic (minor)
94
parasympathetic postganglionic releases
acetylcholine onto muscarinic
95
sympathetic postganglionic releases
norepinephrine
96
what part of brain is not protected by blood-brain barrier
area postrema
97
hydrocephalus
abnormal amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain
98
alzheimer's
accelerated atrophy (dying of neuron); neurofibrillary tangles; senile plaques; many affected areas supposed to produce acetylcholine
99
what allows for local graded potentials
capacitance of cell membrane and conductance of cytoplasm
100
what do we need ATP for
sodium-potassium pump | sodium-calcium pump
101
forces on potassium during resting state
forced in due to electrical gradient; forced out due to concentration gradient
102
forces on sodium during resting state
forced out by electrical and concentration gradients
103
receptor for GABA
GABA-A
104
receptor for glycine and acetylcholine
nicotinic
105
receptors for glutamate
NMDA, kainite, AMPA
106
tricyclics
inhibit norepinephrine reuptake
107
fluoxetine and prozac
inhibit 5-HT reuptake
108
dorsal root of spinal cord
gets sensory info from the PNS
109
transmitter associated with sympathetic
produces and uses norepinephrine
110
transmitter associated with parasympathic
releases acetylcholine

PSY 251: BioPsych (2 decks)

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