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PERS 1200 > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why study PA?

A

1) humans were meant to be physically active
2) our society no longer supports our “need” for PA
3) leading causes of death/disease are influenced by our PA levels

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2
Q

Physical inactivity is the ___ leading cause of death in the world (2004)

A

4th

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3
Q

Term created to refer to the shift in the nature of the relationship between PA and survival

A

physical activity transition

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4
Q

Why study PA’s relationship with health and wellness?

A

more than just physical health is impacted by PA

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5
Q

definition of physical activity

A

any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in an increase in metabolic rate over resting energy expenditure

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6
Q

name 3 different types of physical activity

A

1) leisure time PA
2) transportation
3) work

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7
Q

physical fitness

A

an individual having the necessary skills to perform a given task

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8
Q

performance related fitness

A

athletic ability (endurance, speed, cardiorespiratory power, etc)

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9
Q

health related fitness

A

ability to perform daily activities with vigor

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10
Q

early conceptualizations of health

A
  • was the idea of homeostasis
  • holistic health
  • we need a balance
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11
Q

early western cultures conceptualization of health

A
  • biomedical model
  • focused on physical health
  • in the 1900’s they added mental health in the equation
  • focus on the illness rather than the health
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12
Q

what did the world health organization state about health

A

that it is not merely the absence of disease

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13
Q

Wellness

A

holistic concept describing a state of positive health in the individual comprising physical, social and psychological well-being

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14
Q

doubly-labeled water

A

subjects consume water containing stable isotopes throughout the day, isotopes are secreted in urination, the rate of secretion is proportionate to the degree of metabolic CO2 production. Oxygen uptake and EE can be calculated from the difference in isotope rates

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15
Q

what are the pros of doubly-labeled water

A
  • safe
  • non-invasive
  • doesn’t require people to wear monitors
  • free from info bias
  • can be used in children and pregnant women
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16
Q

what are the cons of doubly labeled water

A
  • expensive
  • requires respondents to be willing to collect urine
  • cannot be used to differentiate intensity
  • duration
  • frequency of specific activities
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17
Q

indirect calorimetry

A

participants wear a mask, carry the equipment needed to analyzing expired air to measure VO2

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18
Q

what are the cons in indirect calorimetry

A
  • wearing the mask is likely to affect the PA of the carrier (Hawthorne effect)
  • method is cumbersome and expensive
  • not appropriate for epidemiological studies
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19
Q

pros of heart rate monitors

A
  • Work well in epidemiological studies

- A strong linear association exists between heart rate and VO2 at high rates of EE

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20
Q

cons of heart rate monitors

A
  • Heart rate is less precise for measuring EE at low intensities
  • Emotional stress, body temperature, and medication can all influence heart rate and throw off results
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21
Q

name 2 types of motion sensors

A
  • pedometer

- accelerometer

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22
Q

pedometer cons

A
  • Length of steps vary and different brands detect steps differently
  • Daily life often involves more than just walking on a flat surface
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23
Q

accelerometer cons

A
  • Many activities involve isometric muscle contraction or muscular work against some external force (weight lifting, carrying, pushing, or activities such as skating or rowing) are not detected well via accelerometers.
  • Physical activity is therefore likely to be underestimated if an individual performs the above mentioned activities often.
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24
Q

resting metabolic rate

A

estimate of how many calories you would burn if you were to do nothing but rest for 24 hours, represents the amount of energy needed to keep your body functioning, including breathing and keeping your heart beating

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25
Q

total energy expenditure

A

result of posture, spontaneous and voluntary PA, resting metabolic rate, Thermic effect of feeding (EE needed for digestion, absorption, and the increase in sympathetic nervous system activity after eating a meal)

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26
Q

-RMR is fairly consistent within and between individuals (varies ___ to ___% in adulthood)

A

5-10

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27
Q

power consumption per unit of time

A

intensity

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28
Q

cardio-respiratory fitness

A

The ability of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to supply oxygen to working muscles

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29
Q

watching and recording a person’s activities

A

behavioural observation

30
Q

PA records

A

participants record activities and time spent doing them

31
Q

what are the cons to PA records

A
  • prone to bias

- not the method of choice for epidemiological studies, but useful for validation purposes

32
Q

PA logs

A

provide participants with a list of specific activities to choose from when recording PA

33
Q

pros of PA logs

A

Facilitates journal keeping for participant and aids with data processing for researcher, helps someone remember something that they did that they may not have remembered otherwise

34
Q

cons of PA logs

A

-Lists can never be complete – low-intensity activities (household chores and spontaneous activity) tend to be underrepresented in logs
Prone to bias (can influence activity patterns)

35
Q

epidemiology

A

the use of the scientific method to study the distribution of disease in a population , to identify risk factors that likely cause the disease, and then to change the risk factors in order to reduce sickness and death from the disease.

36
Q

PA epidemiology

A

Studies how participation in physical activity relate to the probability of disease and injury

37
Q

what are we after in epidemiological research?

A

The degree of change in physical activity or inactivity (independent variable) that causes some health outcome (dependent variable)

38
Q

Cross-sectional survey

A

Measure both risk factors and the presence or absence of a health outcomes at the same time

39
Q

cons of cross-sectional surveys

A
  • Third variable problem: when two variables are related because of their common connection to another, they are often related to another variable that we are not measuring : third variable
  • So, just because two things are related does not mean that one causes the other!
40
Q

pros cross-sectional surveys

A
  • quick and easy

- good for hypothesis testing

41
Q

case-control studies

A

-People (cases) with a disease are chosen
-These people are matched with a control who is similar but doesn’t have the disease
-Attain information on history of exposure to a risk factor: why did one get cancer and the other not?
•Compare the proportion of the cases exposed to the risk factor (RF) to the proportion of control exposed to the RF.

•Retrospective study: starting at the point where the person already has the disease and going back from there

42
Q

prospective cohort study

A

Randomly select a group of people from a defined population and assess baseline information

Asks: What impact does risk factor status have on the incidence of disease?

Calculate the difference in risk between those exposed to the RF to those not to if exposure increases risk; attributable risk

Follow those people over time and incidence of disease or health outcome is tracked

43
Q

randomized clinical trial

A
  • Random assignment of people into at least two groups
  • one group is exposed to a treatment and the other group is not exposed to the treatment
  • Compare the intervention to the control group on the outcome to determine if they differ.
  • determines cause and effect relationships
44
Q

How much PA reduces mortality risk?

A

PA has a dose response relationship with all-cause mortality risk

“Some is good; more is better”

45
Q

What is the minimal amount of PA necessary to reduce mortality risk?

A

15 mins. per day (90 mins. per week) moderate PA = reduced risk of all-cause and cancer-caused mortality
Adds 3 years to one’s life

46
Q

Over the short term, PA is associated with ________ weight loss

a) significant
b) moderate
c) not associated

A

b) moderate

47
Q

1 pound of body fat is equal to how many kcals?

A

3500 kcals

48
Q

A 75 kg person needs to walk __ miles in order to lose 1 pound of fat

A

35

49
Q

People who do high amounts of PA tend not to lose as much weight as expected because of _______________.

A

compensatory eating

50
Q

List and explain 3 of the 5 reasons that accumulating evidence points to a causal relationship between PA and reduced mortality even though we do not have evidence from RCT’s

A
  • Temporal sequence (Pa precedes mortality event)
  • Strength of association –consistent moderate association
  • Consistency of Support –findings confirmed time and again
  • Biologically plausible -many biological mechanisms suggest PA should reduce mortality risk
  • Dose-response –also indicative of causation
51
Q

primary prevention

A

prevent the disease from happening

52
Q

secondary prevention

A

once they have the disease, can PA lessen the severity

53
Q

PA significantly after a cardiac event reduces risk of death by approx. ___-___%

A

25-30

54
Q

PA = ___-___% reduction in risk of type 2 diabetes

A

15-25

55
Q

What is the thermogenic hypothesis of why exercise can alleviate anxiety?

A

when your body heats up while doing exercise, your body naturally relax

56
Q

explain the effects of PA on obesity

A

PA decreases the risk of mortality when it comes to obesity but it does not eliminate the effects of being obese

57
Q

Meta-meta analysis

A

quantitative statistical analysis of several separate but similar experiments or studies in order to test the pooled data for statistical significance

58
Q

anxiety

A

Pathological counterpart of normal fear, manifest by disturbances in mood, as well as thinking, behaviour, and physiological activity

59
Q

what are the symptoms of anxiety?

A

1) Unpleasant feelings (ie: feeling of panic in ordinary situations, uncertainty over what to do, feeling overwhelmed)
2) Bodily Symptoms (ie: persistent feelings of tension)
3) Changes in cognitions (ie: difficulty concentrating)
4) Changes in behaviour (ie: difficulty sleeping)

60
Q

Physical Activity and Anxiety in nonclinical populations, what do the results tell us?

A

the more the people were active, the less anxiety they felt

61
Q

what kind of PA typically helps reduce anxiety?

A

aerobic, the mode does not matter, as long as it is aerobic

62
Q

are there any types of PA that can increase anxiety?

A

Resistance training can increase anxiety at a high intensity but low or moderate is okay

63
Q

what are the benefits of treating anxiety with PA as opposed to other treatments like meditation, quiet rest or pharmaceuticals?

A

these treatments all decrease anxiety levels but PA has so many more benefits than just the decrease of anxiety

64
Q

distraction/ time out hypothesis

A

rhythmic movement, having a distraction, thinking of other things

65
Q

non-clinical depression

A

Episodes of unhappiness that affect most people from time to time, to persistent low mood and inability to find enjoyment

66
Q

symptoms of depression

A 
Difficulty Concentrating
Loss of Interest in all or Most Activities
Lack of Energy
Feelings of Guilt/Worthlessness
Sustained Feelings of Sadness
Thoughts of Suicide
67
Q

endorphin hypothesis of reducing depression

A

the body produces endorphins which is the body’s natural pain killers

68
Q

Mastery hypothesis for reducing depression

A

physiological effects from PA are correlated with a better sense of self worth (you feel good after doing PA, you accomplished something

69
Q

affect regulation hypothesis

A

PA serves to increase positive feelings or reduce negative feelings

70
Q

social interaction hypothesis for reducing depression

A

PA provides an opertunity to interact with other people, possibly leading to better moods

71
Q

what is the difference between treating depression vs anxiety with PA

A

it seems as tho all types of PA may help reduce symptoms of depression as opposed to treating anxiety, only aerobic PA seems to help

72
Q

Hot off the press- Zhu et al (prospective cohort study)

A

study on PA and cognitive function, finds that moderate/ vigorous activity has a dose-response relationship with memory and cognitive function, findings were stronger in white vs black people

PERS 1200 (3 decks)

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