exam 1 Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
LAG1: whats the y axis
A
pressure
2
Q
LAG1: whats the x axis
A
temperature
3
Q
LAG1: which letter is earth
A
C
4
Q
LAG1: which letter is venus
A
B
5
Q
LAG1: which letter is mars
A
A
6
Q
LAG1: which letter shows where all three water phases occur
A
C
7
Q
LAG2: whats the y axis
A
number of molecules
8
Q
LAG2: whats the x axis
A
miles/second (velocity)
9
Q
Alfred Wegener
A
First to present scientific evidence that continents move, published in the 1920’s
10
Q
Meteor
A
First detailed mapping of the mid-ocean ridge in the Atlantic Ocean in the 1920’s
11
Q
H.M.S. Challenger
A
First ocean voyage devoted purely to oceanography in 1872
12
Q
William Beebe
A
the first to explore a half mile below the sea surface in the Bathysphere in 1934
13
Q
Trieste
A
First submarine designed to reach the bottom of the Marianas trench in 1960
14
Q
ooze
A
sediment made of remains of micro-organisms
15
Q
continental shelf
A
submerged edges of continents
16
Q
mid-atlantic ridge
A
divergent (pulling apart) plate boundary
17
Q
deepest parts of the oceans
A
trenches
18
Q
black smokers
A
hydrothermal vents on mid-ocean ridges
19
Q
abyssal plains
A
flat, smooth sediment covered areas of the deep ocean
20
Q
transform faults
A
faults in fracture zones crossing mid-ocean ridges
21
Q
Hawaiian island chain
A
ocean hot spot
22
Q
Convection currents
A
transport heat in Earths interior
23
Q
Guyot
A
a submerged, flat-topped extinct volcano
24
Q
an example of a divergent (pulling apart) plate boundary
A
The mid atlantic ridge
25
an example of convergent (colliding) plate boundary is
the Marianas Trench
26
the history of the changing shape of the ocean basins is recored in the magnetic patterns in the rock of the ocean floor. this is because
- the rocks get older with increasing distance form the mid-ocean ridges
- the magnetic patterns are symmetrical around the mid-ocean ridges
27
lithospheric plates move because
convection cells push heat up at the ridges and cold descending plate edges descend at trenches
28
the magnetic field of the earth is generated by
turbulence in the liquid outer core of the earth
29
the shortest residence time to the longest, the order of the earths reservoirs is
atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, cryoshpere, lithosphere
30
sediment on the floor of the open ocean in composed primarily of
silt and clay, and biological remains called ooze
31
LAM4: location of the trench where two lithosphere plates are colliding
B
32
LAM4: location where the volcanos will form the volcanic island arc in this collision zone
D
33
the core of the earth is
- composed of dense, heavy elements that generate heat
- is divided into an outer core and a small solid inner core
- generates earths magnetic field
34
the lithosphere is made of
the crust and upper mantel
35
the deepest parts of the ocean are
nearest convergent (colliding) plate boundaries aka: trenches
36
hotspots form
volcanic island chains, such as the Hawaiian Islands
37
hydrothermal vents form
in the spreading centers (rifts) of mid-ocean ridges
38
the identification of lithospheric plate motion came from
- making detailed maps of the ocean floor
- magnetic records in ocean floor basalt
- age dating the ocean floor basalt on either side of the mid-ocean ridges
39
the major way heat is moved in the earths interior is by
convection cells
40
throughout ancient history, ocean navigation was done by
- using a detailed knowledge of coastal areas
- studying the way wave patterns behave that reflect and refract from land
- using the position of the stars and the height of the sun
41
hot magma pushes upwards to make the new ocean floor at the mid-ocean ridges. this process is known as
ridge push
42
cooling ocean lithosphere sinks as it moves away from the mid-ocean ridge area, and is eventually subjected and melted back into the asthenosphere, this process is known as
slab pull
43
the speed of the lithospheric plate motion is measured in
centimeters per year
44
when buying coastal property, you know you can get online flood maps and erosion maps from
- federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA)
| - U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
45
the phytoplankton are called the primary producers because
- they produce food using sunlight to turn into CO2 and water into available energy
- they are the first (primary) level in the trophic pyramid
46
the least productive of ocean areas are listed here is
the middle of the gyres
47
a red tide occurs
when certain algae have a population "bloom"
48
biological amplification
involves the concentration of pollutants in organisms
49
beach nourishment is an expensive way to save a beach because
- a donor sand source has to be found that may be far away
- the sand grain size and shape (roundness) must be matched
- the cost of bringing the new sand to the beach is enormous
50
the most productive of ocean areas
coral reefs
51
rachel carson
author of Silent Spring, about bioamplification
52
mercury
a heavy metal pollutant in the ocean
53
estuaries
nurseries of the sea
54
keystone species
significant to the survival of the community e.g.-krill
55
red tide
a population bloom of toxic algae
56
there are far fewer top carnivores than any other group of organisms in the trophic pyramid
because there is a loss of usable energy at every stage of the pyramid
57
the plankton group includes
- immature (larval) stages of invertebrates
- algae
- microscopic crustaceans
- bacteria, protozoans, and viruses
58
if caught in a rip current, you should
swim parallel to the shoreline, then angle in towards shore
59
heavy metals such as lead and mercury
are concentrated in estuaries
60
plastic pollution is a very modern. In the ocean plastic garbage is particularly bad because
- most pieces are very small
- most of the pieces float just partially submerged
- birds, fish, sea turtles, seals, and other animals mistake plastic for food
- plastic degrades very slowly
61
plastic collects in "garbage patches" in the surface ocean
- in areas within the gyres
- from sources all over the world
- as square miles of small, often tiny, floating pieces
- and interfere with marine ecology and animal life cycles
62
estuaries are biologically extremely productive because
- there are more nutrients available
| - there are fewer predators in estuaries
63
primary productivity occurs
at the base of the trophic pyramid
64
estuaries are rich in nutrients because
- estuaries occur at the mouths of rivers
| - nutrients come in from rivers and also from the sea
65
as continental glaciers melt, we can expect the ocean to respond by
a rise in sea level
66
rip currents occur
- when a narrow, fast moving current heads off shore
| - as part of coastal current activity, following a storm
67
an estuary in which there is a gradual change in the salinity of the water is
a well mixed estuary
68
the water in most estuaries tends to be less salty
at the top of the water column, in the surface water
69
nitrates and phosphates entering estuaries from fertilizer run-off
- cause an algal bloom of high productivity
| - can trigger a red tide
70
the biggest animals on earth, the baleen whales
- feed on krill which are primary consumers in the zooplankton
- are efficient consumers, because they feed on the lowest consumer level
71
many fish "school" that is travel together in organized groups and can
- avoid a predator
- disguise themselves as a single large organism
- be more efficient hunters by working as a team
72
mangroves are tropical forests that
- live where the warm gyre currents from the equatorial area can reach them
- play a major role in stabilizing the tropical coastlines
73
examples of symbiosis include
- mutualism
- parasitism
- commensalism
74
shorelines that are not altered by human interference tend to smooth out over time because
- the wave action coverages on headlands and wears them away by erosion
- the wave action diverges in bays and is not as focused
75
U.S. coastal erosion rates are highest
along the California coastline and along the mid Atlantic U.S. coastline
76
marine animals living in estuaries must be able to
tolerate big salinity changes
77
a tsunami or seismic sea wave is a wave that is
- highly destructive
- is typically caused by an earthquake in the floor of the ocean
- travels at seeds averaging 400 miles per hour in the open ocean
- behaves as a shallow water wave
78
bioamplification results in
- top carnivores having higher amounts of mercury and organic toxins like PCBs in their tissues
- increasing amounts of certain pollutants up the trophic pyramid
- low amounts of pollutants in ocean water becoming high amounts in some organisms
79
kelp forests are
- important feeding habitats for many marine animals
- forests composed of marine macro-algae
- shown to have very high biodiversity
80
LAM5: the long shore current is
- carrying sand from the east to the west (right to left)
| - building a sand split with sand transported from elsewhere along the coast
81
LAM6: evidence that the peninsula has been growing outward can be seen in
- the flat triangular area, which was once an open water marsh
- the lines of trees, which follow the old beaches
- the big difference in growth of the sand split in the past ten years, compared to the previous 8 years
82
LAM7: which direction is the long shore current headed?
from left to right
83
LAM8: the long shore current is traveling and this can be observed because of the on the upstream side of the jetty and the on the downstream side of the stone jetty
north, sand accumulation, erosion
84
LAM9: 17
17
85
LAM10: the estuary of the Scamander river has changed in the last 3000 years due to
continuing supply of sediments and growth of the river delta
86
LAM10: the location of the city of Troy shows us
- how the landscape can change significantly in a few thousand years
- how bays and barbers once suitable for shipping don't stay that way
- how archaeologists can use coastal processes to locate sites
87
the mounds of water in the middle of gyres average only about 2 meters in height because there is a balance between
gravity and coriolis effect
88
what makes water more dense
- colder
| - saltier
89
LAM11: y axis is
temp
90
LAM11: x axis is
salinity
91
LAM11: least dense to most
W Y X Z
92
LAM11: R and Y, when they meet what will happen?
mix because they are the same density
93
Kon-Tiki voyage- Peru Humboldt current
by Africa
94
Antarctic circumpolar current-west wind drift
by antarctica
95
visible light penetrates ocean water. the colors that penetrate the deepest are
blue and violet, because they have the highest energy
96
oxygen enters the ocean
just at the top from photosynthesis and from the air
97
average ocean salinity
35 grams/liter
98
SOFAR channel
minimum velocity of sound
99
biological pump
photosynthesis and respiration
100
thermocline
change in temperature
101
reproduction and hatching time for many marine invertebrates
full moon and new moon
102
corilois effect
ocean gyres
103
when waves break
steepness reaches 1:7 height to length
104
sodium chloride
most common salt
105
issac newton
the tide behaves like a giant wave
106
semi-diurnal tides
2 high tides and 2 low tides in 24 hours
107
the ions of calcium and bicarbonate and carbonate have a short residence time in ocean water because
they are used to make seashells, corals, and ooze
108
the ions of sodium and chloride have a long residence time in the ocean water because
they stay in water column until eventually precipitated out as salt
109
carbon dioxide is added to ocean water
at all depths, mostly from animal respiration and decay
110
neap tides
behave as shallow water waves
111
which direction on the PH scale is more acidic
numbers less than 7 (left)
112
average PH of ocean water
8
113
which direction does plants push the PH of the ocean water
right, more basic
114
which direction do animals push the PH of the ocean
left, more acidic
115
the temp, salinity, and amount of oxygen of a water mass are taken
at the surface, where the water mass forms
116
oxygen can be more easily dissolved in what kind of water
fresher, colder water
117
in the northern hemisphere the most dense ocean water formed is
north atlantic deep water
118
spring tide occurs when the moon is
in a straight line with the earth and the sun
119
when waves break the BLANK gets smaller and the BLANK gets larger, so that the wave become top-heavy and unstable and falls
wavelength smaller and height bigger
120
North Atlantic Deep water and Antarctic Bottom water form at the surface where
the poles
121
the tide is an enormous wave that
is unaffected by the positions of the continents
122
wave speed
wavelength dived by period
123
wave generating forces
wind, atmospheric pressure changes, earthquakes, tides
124
restoring forces
friction and gravity
125
deep water waves
water depth greater than 1/2 the wavelength
126
shallow water waves
water depth less then 1/20 wavelength
127
photosynthesis
- a process in which carbon dioxide and water are used to produce carbs and oxygen
- the way that phytoplankton obtain their energy
- one of 2 major sources of oxygen in the surface water of the oceans
128
waves in the ocean can
- be additive (construction) and can form a rogue wave or superwave
- release high amounts of energy when breaking, causing coastal erosion
- occur as subsurface internal waves, occurring between deep water masses
129
spring tides occur
- twice a month
| - when the sun, moon, and earth are in a straight line
130
the coriolis effect turns wind and water currents
to the right in the northern hemisphere
131
coral reefs
colonial structures built of calcium carbonate by tiny coral invertebrate animals called polyps
132
what limits coral reef distribution
- temperature and water depth limit their range
| - competition for space and food is intense
133
how do these tiny animals make such big structures (coral reefs)
- gradually accumulation of skeletons form the reefs
- coral provides carbon dioxide and fertilizer so the coral have access to more oxygen and can then make big structures that are reefs
134
coral polyps have
symbiont algae inside them
135
algae provide, and corals provide, for what
algae- extra oxygen
corals-fertilizer (waste) and CO2
for photosynthesis
136
what do coral reef polyps depend on and why?
their symbionts, if they lose them, corals undergo "bleaching" and die
137
where are the most productive fisheries
estuaries, nearshore regions and continental shelves
138
maximum sustainable yield
the amount that can be caught without impairing future stocks. Must consider
- need for breeding stock
- availability of food for animals higher in the food chain
139
repeating problem regarding fisheries? and examples
overfishing leading to collapse of a fish population ex. cod, anchovies, tuna, herring
140
what makes marine mammals different from land?
| and the same
```
Same
-insulation- fat (blubber)
-fur
-still air breathing animals
Different
-streamlined body
-large size to retain body heat
-deep divers
-can hold breath for long time- story oxygen in blood
-tissues
-can reduce heart rate in a dive
```
141
where are the international whale sanctuaries
indian ocean, antarctic circumpolar current (southern ocean)
142
how do whales communicate with each other across long distance
vocalize or sing, each whales song is distinctive , migration paths?
143
where do they raise there young
warm water is breeding grounds
144
where do whales feed
- sieve while moving forward
- lunging into schools of prey
- scooping mud from the bottom
145
why were whales economically important in the 19th century, and what kinds of products replaced the need to hunt whales
hunted for
- whale oil (lamps and fuel)
- whale blubber (fuel)
- baleen (now items made of plastic)
replaced by jojoba plants
and plastic
146
la nina and el nino
la nina year less likely in pacific, atlantic is warmer, hurricanes more likely
el nino year more likely in the pacific, atlantic is cooler, hurricanes less likely
147
LOOK AT el nino and la nina graphs
la nina- thermocline is more steep, warm pool is close to equator and the storm is going right
normal- thermocline is starting to level, warm pool is closer to land and storm is going right
el nino- thermocline is very level and warm pool is big and centered and storm is large and going up and to the left and right
148
what features determine the development of a hurricane
temperature, water vapor, converging winds, and wind shear
149
whats critical in the presence of a storm at sea, how big are they, what is their fuel and what happens when they come ashore
warm water temps (80 degrees) and low wind shear, hot towers fuel the whole system, as soon as it hits land it cuts ties from the sea and looses its "gas line" and looses some power
150
describe the motion of the formation of a hurricane
```
start as low pressure systems
swing around left
basic rain storm and starts at the surface
air is shot upward
follows coriolis at top spinning right
spirals in middle going up
```
151
climate forcing: external
processes that drive climate change from outside the earth and its atmosphere
From change in earths orbit
-due to changes in earths orbit around the sun
-occurs on time scales from 20,000-100,000 years
From changes in amount of heat emitted from sun. Occurs on time scales of decades to over a thousand years
152
climaxing forcing: internal
processes that drive climate change from inside the earth and its atmosphere
Due to variations in atmospheric and oceanic circulation, occurs on time scales from tens to thousands of years
Due to volcanic eruptions (cooling) or methane gas releases (warming) these are not a cycle and have varying effects
153
greenhouse gases (the big 3)
water vapor, CO2, methane CH4
154
How can we track past climate to find out what is natural and what is contributed by human activity
ocean sediment coring and ice sheet coring. natural libraries of stored climate information. last 2 million years of earths history is marked by more than 100 glacial/interglacial stages
155
CO2 levels during glacial or interglacial stages
```
glacial stage (ice age) CO2 is low
interglacial stage CO2 is higher about 280 ppm
```
156
whats our current CO2 concentration
403 ppm
157
Humans add BLANK and do it faster than nature
CO2
158
the ocean is a "sink" for CO2 leading to
-ocean acidification and deep ocean warming
159
how much energy is coming from renewable sources at present
only about 7% of available energy
160
what percent do we wish to reach by 2030
13%
161
we are now at capacity with hydroelectric dams so the future will be in
offshore wind/tide energy farms
