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Anatomy Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(159 cards)

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

Cutting up, study of human structure

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2
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Study of things you can’t see w naked eye

Cytology

Histology

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3
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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4
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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5
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Study of larger structures

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6
Q

Surface or morphology

A

Shape or surface of human body

Surgery

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7
Q

Regional

A

Particular region in the body

Ex: arm(skin,muscle,bone, nerves)

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8
Q

Systemic

A

Studying by system

Easier

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9
Q

Developmental

A

How anatomy develops from a single cell to a full blown human

Embryology

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10
Q

Comparative

A

We dissect cats, pig hearts, sheep brains, cow eyes

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11
Q

Clinical or pathogenic anatomy

A

What happens when you get TB, or damage to alveoli in lungs

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12
Q

Cross sectional anatomy

A

Taking slices of human body from head down to toes and studying it

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13
Q

Atoms

A

Basic building blocks of all matter

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14
Q

Molecular

A

Start linking atoms together

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15
Q

Macro molecular

A

Life, DNA, proteins, fats

Starch Carbs large molecules

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16
Q

Cellular

A

Minimal requirement to be alive

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17
Q

Tissues

A

Group of cells linked together

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18
Q

Organ

A

More than one tissue type

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19
Q

Organ system

A

More than one organ and they all work together to perform one function

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20
Q

Levels of organization

A 
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissue
Organ 
Organ system 
Organism
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21
Q

Major elements of the body

A

Hydrogen 62%
O2 26%
Carbon 10%
Nitrogen 1.5%

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22
Q

Major molecules of the body

A

Water 67%
Proteins 20%
Lipids 10%
Carbohydrates 3%

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23
Q

Anatomical position

A

Standing up, toes and palms forward, head forward

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24
Q

Prone

A

Face forward

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25
Supine
Spine touches ground
26
Anterior
Front
27
Posterior
Back or behind
28
Ventral
Belly
29
Dorsal
Back
30
Superior
Up
31
Inferior
Down
32
Cranial or cephalic
Brain cavity
33
Caudal
Tail
34
Proximal
Close
35
Distal
Distant
36
Medial
Midline
37
Lateral
Further to the side
38
Superficial
Closer to the surface
39
Deep
Away from surface, more deep
40
Sections Frontal or coronal
Coronal:head Cut in half from front and back
41
Sections Transverse
Cut top from bottom
42
Sections Sagittal
Cut right and left half
43
Midsagittal
Equal R and L half
44
Parasagittal
Unequal R and L half
45
Dorsal cavity
Cranial Spinal
46
Ventral cavity
Decided by diaphragm Thoracic - pleural:lungs - pericardial: membrane that surrounds heart - mediastinum:respiratory organs
47
Abdominopelvic cavity
Begins at iliac crest Abdominal Pelvic
48
The cell theory
Cells are the building blocks of all living things Cells reproduce to make more cells Cells are the smallest level of living matter
49
Phospholipid bilayer
Selectively permeable Phosphates:give water active ability, charged, aqueous Lipids:fatty acid tail, don't mix well with water
50
Proteins Peripheral
Not embedded in membrane
51
Proteins Integral
Embedded in membrane Transmembrane
52
Glycocalyx
Covers surface of cell, sugar coat, cell cell recognition and identification
53
Cholesterol
Foundational molecule for progesterone and estrogen, adds stability and resistance to cell for changes in the environment
54
Extensions:microvilli
Add surface area
55
Functions of plasmalemma Physical isolation
Creates a barrier/border Tells you what's inside and outside of cell
56
Functions of plasmalemma Sensitivity
Identification and communication
57
Functions of plasmalemma Structural support
Intracellular and extra cellular Peripheral and integral proteins Attaches to fibers in tissues
58
Plasmalemma function
Regulation of material exchange or transport-selectively permeable Water and simple gases can pass Bigger molecules and highly charged molecules cannot
59
Passive exchange
Movement across plasmalemma that doesn't require energy
60
Passive exchange Diffusion
High to low concentration Kinetic energy drives diffusion
61
Facilitated diffusion
Has a certain protein that allows diffusion to occur
62
Osmosis
Water passing through membrane
63
Active exchange or active transport
Requires energy ATP low to high concentration
64
Active transport Exchange pumps
Exchanges ions
65
Active transport Endocytosis
Moving things into cell
66
Pinocytosis
Cellular drinking, bringing in small, dissolved molecules
67
Phagocytosis
Cellular eating, bringing in larger molecules, engulfs
68
Receptor mediated
Recycles
69
Exocytosis
Get rid of larger molecules Ex:production of mucus by goblet cells
70
Microvilli
Increase surface area for all those processes
71
Cytoplasm Cytosol
Everything inside the cell Cytosol:all studs dissolved in this aqueous solution, gel like - Intracellular fluid - High in potassium ions - Overall negative charge - transmembrane potential:difference in charge, positive on outside, negative on inside - High concentrations of proteins:colloid - Inclusion bodies:data,glycogen,ways for cell to store material for a rainy day
72
Cytoplasm Organelles
Little bodies Nonmembranous Membranous
73
Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton
Non membranous organelles Made of lots of proteins Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Thick filaments Microtubels Ribosomes
74
Microfilaments
Actin(thin) A lot to do with how muscle works Smallest Cell shape and movement Microvilli internal structure
75
Intermediate filaments
Establish foundation of the cell Structural framework
76
Thick filaments
Myosin (motor protein) Allows muscle cells to contract or get shorter Cell length
77
Microtubles
Form a tube Move internal cellular components:organelles and chromosomes Form centrioles and spinal fibers:move outside of cell move chromosomes Move extra cellular materials:cilia:moving mucus around in our respiratory system Found in flagella
78
Ribosomes
Made of RNA and protein which allow for communication Free and fixed: float around, makes proteins targeted for surface of cell Make proteins
79
Mitochondria
Double membrane Cristae: inner membrane, energy producing proteins for oxidation? Fluid matrix: enerft reactants Makes ATP
80
Nucleus
Double membrane called envelope -perinuclear space:gap between membranes Pores:connection between inner and outer membrane, regulates material coming in and out, ribosomes Nucleoplasm fluid Nuclear matrix:filaments:structural foundation Chromosomes:DNA(genetic library,protein synthesis), Protein(histones) , colorful body, tightly structured Nucleosome: beads within chromosomes grouped in cubes of 8 Chromatin: genes and regulatory proteins, relaxed loosely constructed Nucleoli: formation of ribosomes, smaller
81
Endoplasmic reticulum
Transport (proteins and phospholipids) and storage:calcium(released when cell signaling occurs) Rough ER:ribosomes present, protein productio Smooth ER: lipid production:steroids, phospholipids, cholesterol, detoxification
82
Golgi apparatus
Decision making organelle Distribution and secretions:where proteins go Final modification of proteins: adding sugars to lipids, lipids to proteins Lysosomes: degrade materials in endoscopes and worn out organelles, recycling Peroxixomes: break down toxins and fatty acids
83
Tight junctions
Occlusion junction Nice tight lined epithelial tissue Make barriers, keep blood inside, leak proof, walls
84
Communication junctions
Heart muscles Allow communication
85
Anchoring junctions
Button:hold cells to each other but not exactly tight, half on one cell half on another Hemidesmosomes: connect tissues, attatch epithelial cell to extracellular structures so not floating around
86
Interphase
Gap zero Gap one:cell organelle synthesis Synthesis-DNA synthesis Gap two:protein synthesis
87
Mitosis
Separation of genetic material Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
88
Epithelial tissues structure
Cellular Polar Attached Avascular Layers or sheets Regenerates
89
Epithelial tissue function
Protects Limits permeability -microvilli Sensation:nerve endings internal and external Secretion:glands and ducts
90
Simple squamous epithelial tissue
Gas exchange and friction reduction Thinnest living layer Lungs Serious membranes:mesothelium:reduces friction Endothelium: lines all blood vessels and heart, smooth
91
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Protection Keratinized:skin, top layers make skin thick, dead cells Non keratinized: esophagus, not as tough
92
Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
Absorption and secretion | -kidneys, thyroid:secretion and hormones, gland duct
93
Stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue
Sweat glands
94
Simple columnar epithelial tissue
Absorption and secretion Intestinal tract
95
Stratified columnar epithelial
Protection Salivary gland ducts -carotid gland
96
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue
Single layer it looks stratified Moving mucus up and out of lower respiratory tract Trachea
97
Transition epithelial tissue
Stretching, goes from cuboidal to squamous columnar Ureters Urinary bladder
98
Epithelial tissue glands
Endocrine:no duct, secrete directly into blood stream Exocrine:duct
99
Holocrine
The whole cell does and secretes into duct Sebaceous
100
Merocrine
Golgi exocytosis, doesn't kill cell Mucous in goblet cells
101
Apocrine
Just the top of cell pinches off breaking apart Mammary glands
102
Serious membranes
Closed cavities, not open to external environment
103
Mucous membrane
Open cavities, exposed to environment, more likely to be exposed to bacteria Mucus traps In lungs
104
Cutaneous membranes
Skin Protection No friction
105
Synovial membranes
Joints Bones connect, need this to deduct friction when bones rub together
106
Connective tissue structure
Cells Internal matrix - fibers(areolar, elastic) - ground substance - hyaluronana:gelatinous No regeneration
107
Connective tissue function
Support Connect organs together Protect bone Transport:blood and lymph nutrients and wastes
108
Connective tissue proper
Most abundant Loose and dense Fluid:blood and lymph Support bone and cartilage Fibers - collagen:not branching - reticular:branching - elastic:elastin, stretch and rebound
109
Connective tissue proper loose
Areolar - Most abundant - In between kidneys and organs chicken skin and meat - Holds organs together Adipose - energy storage - brown fat-heat protection in babies - hypodermis-insulation Reticular:lymph nodes and liver:mechanical filtration -nodes filter out infectious agents
110
CT dense regular
Tendons and ligaments Parallel to each other:gives strength Most resistance in single direction
111
CT dense irregular
Covering of most organs Dermis of skin Strength in many directions
112
CT elastic
Arteries and veins Protein:elastin
113
CT Supporting
Bone
114
CT supporting hyaline cartilage
At end of bones Most common Smooth:reduces friction
115
CT Supporting elastic cartilage
Nose and epiglottis Elastic
116
CT Supporting fibrous cartilage
Disc of vertebrae and symphysis pubis:where 2 hip bones come together Strongest Intercalated discs
117
CT layers Superficial fascia
Hypodermis
118
CT layer Deep fascia
Covering organs
119
CT layer Sunserous fascia
Serous membranes
120
Skeletal muscle
Cells very long Multinucleated Striated:contraction Many cells fuse together Voluntary
121
Cardiac muscle
Striated Only in heart Intercalated discs:holds cardiac muscle together, allows communication, allows heart muscles to contract as one Involuntary Single nucleated
122
Smooth muscle
Organ muscle Nonstriated Involuntary Stomach, blood vessels, intestinal tract, uterus:contractions Single nucleated
123
Cutaneous membrane
Another name for skin Epidermis:epithelial component(stratified squamous) Dermis:CT (Dense irregular)
124
Supportive layer
Subcutaneous later or hypodermis
125
Accessory structures
Hair follicles Exocrine glands Nails
126
Epidermis Stratum germinativum
Innermost layer:attached to basal lamina On all ET regenerates from stem cells Contains melanocytes:produce melanin:protects against UV Merkel cells:touch
127
Epidermis Stratum spinosum
Contain tonofibrils connected to desmosomes:hold spinosum to adjacent cells Langerhan cells present:phagocytes in immune system
128
Epidermis Stratum granulosum
Lots of keratin and keratohyalin in granules Cells are dying
129
Epidermis Stratum lucidum
Found only only in palms and soles, stains poorly, filled w keratin Thin layer
130
Epidermis Stratum corneum
All dead Horn like
131
Epidermis
Thick skin: 30 layers stratum corneum Thin skin:15 layer stratum corneum, no lucidem Epidermal ridges:fingerprints Mostly keratinocytes Dermal papilla:Velcro for the epidermis:increases surface area
132
Epidermis skin color
Thickness of stratum corneum Dermal blood supply Carotene:keratinocytes (in carrots) Melanin: melanocytes - over nucleus - protects from UV radiation
133
Dermis Papillary layer
Papillary plexus:epidermal blood supply Meissners corpuscles
134
Dermis Reticular layer
Cutaneous plexus Lamellated corpuscles:blood supply
135
Dermis
Wrinkles and lines of cleavage Thermoregulation:presence of sweat glands in dermis
136
Subcutaneous layer of hypodermis
Adipose tissue Supporting layer Energy reserve Insulation, energy, padding
137
Hair follicles
98% of hair not on head
138
Hair papilla
Blood supply and nerves
139
Hair bulb
Epithelial cells surrounds papilla
140
Hair matrix
Hair production
141
Hair Cortex
Outer layer Medulla:inner layer
142
Cuticle of hair
Protects cortex and medulla
143
Hair root
Below skin
144
Hair shaft
Above skin
145
External root sheath
Extension of epidermis
146
Connect tissue root sheath
Extension of dermis
147
Arrector pili muscle
Causes hair to stand up when contracts When scared or cold
148
Root hair plexus
Fine touch
149
Vellus
Hair you can't see
150
Intermediate
Arm hairs
151
Terminal
Public and leg hairs
152
Hair color
Melanin:darker hair Karatin:more red hair Hair goes gray when you stop producing pigments Bubbles and no karatin cause white hair
153
Hair Growth and replacement
Asynchronous
154
Sebaceous glands
Sebum:oil Holocrine secretion Sebaceous follicles: gland only, no hair, on hands and soles of feet
155
Apocrine gland
Oily secretion Larger more active at puberty Mammary glands:milk production from modified apocrine gland
156
Merocrine or eccrine gland
Watery substance that cools you off Thermoregulation Excretion Protection:urea and salt Ceruminous gland:in ear, produce cerumin(ear wax)
157
Nail body
Nail bed underneath body:Supporting Nail root under eponychium where new nail growth accuracy:like modified hair Nail groove Nail fold:holds nail in place
158
Epinychium
Cuticle Lunula
159
Hyponychium
Beneath nail edge Protection

Anatomy Exam 1 (1 decks)

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