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Plant Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Effectors

A

Pathogen

Something that makes the infection effective

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2
Q

R gene plant or pathogen

A

Plant

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3
Q

Plants 2 lines of defense

A

PAMP recognition

R gene mediated

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4
Q

3 common effectors

A

Toxins
Enzymes
Plant growth regulators

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5
Q

Susceptible vs resistant

A

Get disease pathogen can live

Pathogen stops and can’t carry out its lifecycle

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6
Q

Plant or pathogen

Susceptible vs resistant

A

Plant

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7
Q

Keyword to resistance

A

Recognition

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8
Q

What mediates recognition

A

PAMPS

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9
Q

PAMPS

A

Pathogen associates molecular patterns

Something in the microbe that the plant can recognize

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10
Q

Example of PAMPS

A

Peptidoglycan

Chitin

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11
Q

Basal defense

A

PAMP triggered immunity

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12
Q

What is a good way to fend off biotrophs not necrotrophs?

A

Hypersensitive response

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13
Q

Ways plants respond to pathogens (6)

A 
Pathogenesis resistance proteins 
Phytoalexins 
ROS 
Synthesis of lignin, callose, suberin
Hypersensitive response 
Systemic acquired response
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14
Q

Pathogenesis resistance proteins

A

Made by the plant

Chitinase

Other hydrolytic enzymes

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15
Q

Phytoalexins

A

Antimicrobial compounds made by plants

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16
Q

ROS

A

Reactive oxygen species that oxidize the pathogen

Hydrogen peroxide

Superoxide

Signaling defense

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17
Q

What does ROS do?

A

Increase cross links in cell wall

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18
Q

Hypersensitive response

A

Apoptosis

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19
Q

Systemic acquired resistance

A

Response spreads to whole plant and the plant steps up its ability to to respond

Avirulent pathogrn

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20
Q

Constitutive defenses by plants

A 
Always on
Trichomes
Wax
Bark
Alkaloids 
Terpenoids 
Flavonoids
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21
Q

Induced defenses. How plants defend themselves from insects

A

Has to be recognition
Elicitor
Have to be received by a receptor
Receptor starts signal transduction

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22
Q

2 examples of elicitors

A

Insect saliva

Broken cell wall

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23
Q

What things start signal transduction

A

Calcium
cAMP
kinases

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24
Q

Sydtemin

A

Small protein produced at the sight of injury

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25
Can systemin trigger the octadecanoid pathway?
Yes
26
What does the octadecanoid pathway do?
Takes a membrane lipid and makes jasmonic acid
27
Where is jasmonic acid usually transported?
In the phloem
28
Volatile
Can move through the air
29
Can jasmonic acid be volatile?
Yes
30
3 ways jasmonic acid can cause changes in gene expression
Increase secondary metab synthesis Increase in proteins that inhibit digestion
31
Name 2 proteins that inhibit digestion
Protease Amylase Lectins
32
Amylase inhibitors
Inhibit digestion Break down starch
33
Lectin inhibitors
Inhibit digestion Proteins made by the plant that bind carbohydrates
34
What does jasmonic acid strengthen?
Cell wall
35
Octadecanoid pathway contains lipids?
Yes
36
First and second number in octadecanoid pathway
1st: number of Carbons 2nd: number of double bonds/unsaturated
37
Where jasmonic synthesized how and where
Lipogenase Chloroplast Peroxisome Jasmonic acid
38
Linoleic acid
Octadecanoid pathway 18:2
39
How do you make jasmonic acid or salicylic acid volatile?
Add methyl
40
Pests that cause problems
White fly Messy bugs Fungus gnats Thrips Spider mites
41
White fly
Abaxial | Phloem feeder
42
Scale insects
Phloem feeder
43
Mealy bugs
Found on younger parts of leaves Phloem feeders
44
Aphids
Like warm temperature Live on young plants Phloem feeders
45
Thrips
Phloem feeders
46
Spider mites
Cell content feeders Treat using safer soap
47
Indirect sign of insect presence
Black sooty mold Ants looking for honey dew
48
Second line of defense description
pathogen specific and is based on plant recognition of effector molecules. The plant R (resistance) gene interacts with the pathogen effector molecule.
49
Avr
The Effector gene once it is recognized
50
Soil pathogens
Chemotropism (chemotaxic) | -Root lacks cuticle, gaps where lateral roots emerge
51
Leaf/Stem pathogen
Wind borne Rusts Degrade wall and enter through stomate
52
Example of avirulence gene product
effectors that are recognized by the plant and that elicit a plant defense Chitin binding protein
53
What do most r genes recognize
Plants response to pathogens
54
What do phytoalexins include?
Phenolics terpenoids
55
Gene for gene model of plant resistance to pathogens
Each dominant avr gene in the pathogen there is a r gene in the host
56
R gene polymorphism
Genetic ability to recognize multiple pathogens
57
Most successful banana
Cavendish
58
What disease does the banana have?
Fusarium oxysporum Fungus Fusarium wilt
59
Where does the fusarium live?
Dead plant tissue
60
4 races of fusarium
1-wiped out lady finger 2&3-not important 4-infect all susceptible to race 1 and cavendish
61
Ranch Ploetz
Says race 4 is coming to the Western Hemisphere
62
James dale
Genetically engineered banana Trying to increase beta carotene in banana Breeding for fusarium resistance
63
Juan
Trying to breed a new cavendish resilient to race 4
64
What does HR create
Physical barrier to the affecting pathogen and stops further spreading
65
Bcl protein
Blocks pro-apoptotic signal
66
Thaler
Tomato plant Pest: beer army worm
67
Phytohormones
Jasmonic acid Salicylic acid Ethylene
68
Polyphenol oxidase
Causes browning after injury of plants and fruit
69
Volicitin
Comes from the insects saliva
70
Noxious weed
Any plant or plant product that can directly or indirectly injure or cause damage to Crops Livestock Irrigation
71
Garlic mustard success
Release sec metab Flavonoids Early phenology
72
How are target species affect by allelopathetic chemicals
Inhibit root growth Inhibit root uptake
73
Seed bank
the collection of weed seeds present in the soil of a field, and is the source of weed infestations.
74
Pyrethrin
Insect toxin Chrysanthemum flower Neurotic that affects the nervous system
75
Elicitors
Metabolite isolated from pathogens that evoke a hypersensitive response
76
Hypersensitive reaction
Responses that limit the spread of invading pathogens
77
Gene for gene model
Attempts to explain genetic basis for hypersensitive reaction in plants
78
Jasmonic acid synthesized by
Linolenic acid

Plant Physiology (3 decks)

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