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MBI 365 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

molecular biology

A

mechanisms responsible for the expression and transmission of genetic material

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2
Q

Major macromolecules and their functions

A

DNA/RNA - info storage, catalytic
Lipids - compartmentalization, long term E
proteins - do the work/fxns of cell
carbohydrates - short term E, cell wall

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3
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

said inheritance was predicable, genotype vs phenotype, dominant vs recessive

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4
Q

inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

giraffe stretching, actions of parent affect offspring

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5
Q

Friedrich Miescher

A

cell nucleus is mixture of compounds

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6
Q

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan, showed sex-linked traits on chromosomes

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7
Q

Frederick Griffith

A

classified pneumococcal samples in England

discovered transformation of genetic material

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8
Q

Oswald Avery

A

believed griffith contaminated his samples, repeated experiments
used mouse serum to make cells competent

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9
Q

Griffith’s Transformation Experiments

A

R and S type bacteria
rough type alone are avirulent
smooth type are virulent
heat-killed smooth type with rough type caused R to transform into S and become virulent

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10
Q

How was it discovered that DNA was the transforming material?

A

Transformation did not occur when cell components subjected to DNase
Did occur when subjected to trypsin (proteins) and RNase

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11
Q

Hersey-Chase Experiment

A

Bacteriophages used to show that DNA is the hereditary material
Bacteriophages made containing either phosphorus-labeled DNA or sulfur-labeled proteins
after injection, blending, and centrifugation, only phosphorus found since proteins digested

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12
Q

Purines

A

2 rings

adenine and guanine

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13
Q

pyrimidines

A

1 ring

thymine and cytosine

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14
Q

Chargoff’s Rule

A

approximately equal amounts of A and T or C and G in each cell

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15
Q

nucleoside vs nucleotide

A

sugar + base, sugar + base + phosphate

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16
Q

What are the types of DNA?

A

DNA-B is most common

DNA-A is similar, Z is way different

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17
Q

Southern Blot

A

used to find location of a specific gene

DNA to DNA hybridization

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18
Q

Chromatin

A

all of DNA and its attached proteins

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19
Q

heterochromatin

A

more tightly packed chromatin, transcribed less often, closer to centromere

facultative: controlled coiling
constitutive: always tightly packed

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20
Q

euchromatin

A

majority of DNA, less tightly packed, transcribed more often, closer to nucleolus

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21
Q

interphase

A

3 stages: G1, S phase, G2

studied often due to duplication of chromosomes

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22
Q

CTCF

A

transcription factor that can both activate and repress

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23
Q

Nucleolus

A

makes RNA and related proteins, ribosomes

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24
Q

Nuclear subcompartments

A

similar to organelles but no separate membrane
most involve large protein complexes
Cajal bodies, PML bodies, replication factories, splicing speckles, nucleolus

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25
Q

replication factories

A

DNA synthesizers
visualized using fluorescent antibodies and bromodeoxyruridine (BrdU)
20 discrete clusters of newly synthesized DNA
each cluster contains about 5-50 replication forks

26
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that bind to antigens to recognize immune responses
can be labeled for fluorescence
monoclonal or polyclonal

27
Q

cajal bodies

A

snRNA (small nuclear RNA) maturation - gene control
snoRNA (small nucleolar RNA)
histone mRNA modification

28
Q

splicing speckles

A

intron and exon splicing

29
Q

PML bodies

A

tumor supressor proteins
acute promyelocytic leukemia
localized DNA repair proteins, transcription, gene splicing

30
Q

nucleolus

A

site of rRNA transcription and processing
Fibrillar Center: rRNA transcription
Dense Fibrillar Center: cleavage and modification
Granular Compartment: loading of proteins onto rRNA

31
Q

chromosome organization during interphase

A

looped domains in chromatin

32
Q

histones

A

highly conserved proteins that wind and compact chromatin
2 molecules each: H2A, H2B, H3 (mt), H4
H1 on outside

33
Q

nucleoid

A

DNA region in prokaryotes, hold circular chromosomes

34
Q

nucleosome

A

DNA and associated histones, pack together into layers in chromatin

35
Q

Roger Kornberg

A

described DNA as beads on a string

36
Q

SMC proteins

A

structural maintenance of chromosomes
mainly active during mitosis
cohesin - holds sister chromatids together
condensin - condenses chromosomes and holds them together

37
Q

kinetochore

A

protein that attaches centromere to spindle fibers, holds sister chromatids

38
Q

centromere

A

highly repetitive region on chromosome, physical sequence

39
Q

discovery of centromeres

A

yeast cells used with plasmids to show that centromere regions are necessary for proper segregation of chromosomes

40
Q

telomeres

A

repeats located at the end of linear chromosomes
“biological clock” for somatic cells
shrink/cut off by each replication cycle

41
Q

telomerase

A

replicates ends of DNA on sex and stem cells
resets biological clock
can cause cancer when active in normal cells

42
Q

telomerase activity

A

carries own RNA primer and DNA template
adds to lagging strand end
DNA poly fills in on leading strand from new template

43
Q

shelterin

A

telosome, 6 subunit protein protecting telomeres

loss can trigger DNA repair mechanisms, apoptosis, senescence

44
Q

gene

A

sequence of DNA that produces a functional product

45
Q

noncoding DNA

A

locating between genes

also in genes (intron)

46
Q

Discovery of Introns

A

Richard Roberts and Phillip Sharps using adenovirus 2
used hexon mRNA coding for structural polypeptide, integration of viral genome required splicing
hybridization of RNA-DNA showed where introns were located

47
Q

Noncoding mRNA regions

A

5’ and 3’ UTR
5’ cap and ribosome binding site
3’ poly-A tail

48
Q

satellite DNA

A

short, repetitive DNA sequences
1000s of tandem arrays 1-500 nt long
DNA taken out of cell and mixed with CsCl, then centrifuged and intercalated with ethidium bromide
glows under UV light, satellite bands are small thin bands
repetitiveness causes easy shearing in centrifuge

49
Q

transposons

A

“jumping genes”
can move around genome/chromosomes
discovered by Barbara McClintock linking corn kernel colors

50
Q

3 types of transposons

A
  1. cut and paste - excision, insertion, repair
  2. replicative - cleavage, insertion, replication, repair
  3. RNA intermediate
51
Q

retrotransposons

A

transposons that go through an RNA intermediate

transcription, retrotranscription, cleavage, insertion, repair

52
Q

SINEs and LINEs

A

SINE: transcribed but no functional proteins produced
LINE: transcribed and some are translated
reverse transcriptase, endonuclease, and RNA-binding activities
2 ORFs, function unkown

53
Q

Why are there duplicates of many genes?

A

sometimes used to make their product faster
often subjected to different regulation mech.
turned on at different developmental stages

54
Q

histone acetylation

A

acts as activator, unwinds DNA allowing transcription

deactetyltransferase is repressor

55
Q

DNA Binding Protein Motifs

A

Helix-turn-helix, helix-loop-helix, Zn-fingers, Leucine zipper

56
Q

histone methylation

A

amino-terminus of lysine and arginine

57
Q

dimethylation and trimethylation

A

activator/promoter

58
Q

DNA methylation

A

DNA structure modified to turn genes on and off
usually only mother/father affected
methyl groups added on CpG islands

59
Q

H19

A

codes for long untranslated RNA

shut down in paternal chromosome, only reactivated during egg meiosis

60
Q

chromatin remodeling factors

A

protein complexes that alter contacts between DNA and histones
change nucleosome conformation, can knock them off DNA

61
Q

epigenetics

A

science of inherited characteristics e.g. gene expression changes through generations
may be related to histone modifications of parents
heritable changes not part of DNA sequence

MBI 365 (2 decks)

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