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Global Human Health > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is true about global health in the past 50-60 yrs?

A
  • The global death rate in children less than 5 yrs old has fallen
  • Tuberculosis and HIV kill about the same number of people
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2
Q

What is the life expectancy of Sierra Leone, France?

A

45, 83 respectively

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3
Q

What is “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not just the absence of disease or infirmity”

A

health

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4
Q

What is smallpox caused by?

A

virus

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5
Q

Smallpox was fatal in about what percent of cases?

A

30%

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6
Q

The last case of smallpox occurred in what decade and country?

A

1970’s – Somalia

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7
Q

What made it easier for smallpox to be eradicated?

A
  • The vaccine did not require refrigeration
  • Immunity was long-lived
  • It was relatively easy to diagnose; symptoms were quite obvious
  • Programs to fight smallpox aligned with anti-bioterrorism efforts
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8
Q

The single best predictor of birth weight is _____.

A

maternal educaton

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9
Q

The number of deaths per 1000 under 28 days age is the ____ mortality rate.

A

neonatal

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10
Q

The number of deaths per 1000 under 1 year age is the ____ mortality rate.

A

Infant

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11
Q

For Sub-Saharan Africa, the neonatal number is approximately:

A

30

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12
Q

For Sub-Saharan Africa, the infant number is approximately:

A

60

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13
Q

What is any physical or psychological illness?

A

morbidity

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14
Q

What is death

A

mortality

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15
Q

What is the number of new cases per year called?

A

incidence

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16
Q

What is the number with a health condition at a point in time?

A

prevalence

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17
Q

What is the temporary or long-term reduction in ability to function?

A

disability

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18
Q

The term vital registry refers to the accurate recording of:

A

births, deaths, and causes of deaht

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19
Q

What does DALYs stand for?

A

Disability-Adjusted Life Years

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20
Q

Besides in Sub-Saharan Africa, the most common leading causes fo death worldwide are

A

noncommunicable

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21
Q

Currently most population growth is occurring in ______.

A

low and middle-income countries

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22
Q

What is true about Health, Education, Poverty, and the Economy?

A
  • Common groups affected by economic disparities are women, minorities, and LGBT groups
  • Malnutrition and disease can affect cognitive development
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23
Q

What is the most significant part of the International Bill of Human Rights?

A

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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24
Q

With regard to HIV/AIDS, ART stands for

A

Antiretroviral therapy

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25
What is the USPEPFAR?
United States President's Emergency Plan For AIDS relief
26
What's true about the PEPFAR program?
- Provides ART to HIV-infected people in resource-limited settings - Supports HIV testing and counseling
27
What's true about the Tuskegee Study?
- It was sponsored by the US govt - It included around 600 African American men - Treatment was withheld to study the effects of an infection - A major issue was that study participants were not informed
28
What was the ehtical dilemma that arose during the "short-course AZT trials" that the WHO intended to carry out during the 1990's?
Some of the patients received a placebo drug (a fake drug used for comparing) that ended up inhibiting their progress.
29
What is an advantage/disadvantage to the US patent system related to the development of new drugs?
Advantage: money incentive to drug makers, more research motivation Disadvantage: High cost of drugs, hard to obtain them (monopoly)
30
NGO's stand for _____.
non-governmental organizations
31
What kind of healthcare system does Canada have and how does it work?
National health insurance system -- public or private; guaranteed insurance
32
What kind of healthcare system does Cuba have and how does it work?
National health service -- government is sole payer
33
What kind of healthcare system does India have and how does it work? (same as US)
Pluralistic -- public or private; may lack insurance
34
What type of health service is an emergency obstetric care under?
secondary
35
What type of health service is family planning under?
primary
36
What type of health service is specialist surgery under?
tertiary
37
How to treat childhood diseases --
vitamin A supplements, anthelmintics
38
How to prevent childhood diseases --
vaccines--measles, polio, HiB, rotavirus
39
HIV -- prevention
educate sex workers, safe transfusions
40
HIV -- treatment
ART or HAART
41
how to prevent malaria?
insecticide-treated nets, indoor spraying
42
How to treat malaria?
artemisinin
43
What is maternity-related intervention?
prenatal care / postnatal care, tetanus vaccine
44
tobacco intervention and control?
taxes, ban ads, education
45
Tuberculosis -- how to treat it?
DOTS
46
______ has made great strides since 1994 genocide.
Rwanda
47
______ has had universal health insurance since 1880s
Germany
48
National Health Service covers all basic needs in this country:
United Kingdom
49
This is an African country committed to universal coverage:
Ghana
50
The United States spends about what percentage of our GDP on total health care?
18%
51
What is the average per capita annual out-of-pocket expense for health care in the United States?
$1,000
52
In 2011, about how many people in the US head limited or no health insurance?
30 million
53
According to the information presented in class, where did the US rank in overall health system performance according to the WHO in 2000?
37th
54
Approximately what proportion of drugs available ONLINE are fake?
50%
55
What is true about onchocerciasis?
- Also called river blindness - It is caused by a parasitic worm - It is transmitted by a specific fly
56
What is true about DOTS?
- It stands for Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course - It includes diagnosis by sputum smear microscopy - It includes 6-9 months of antibiotic treatment - Treatment is observed for at least the first two months
57
Why do Women in Burundi, East Africa stop breastfeed when newborns are four months old? (3 reasons)
They believe: - Family/friends do not approve - God does not approve - Breastfed children are more likely to become malnourished
58
What's true about polio vaccination in India?
- Became polio-free in 2014 | - One obstacle to vaccination was the cultural belief that the vaccine was a plot to sterilize Muslims
59
Why are Andean women reluctant to give birth in modern health clinics?
- Prefer to give birth standing up - Family not allowed to be present at delivery or to cut umbilical cord - Husband was not permitted in delivery room - Placentas were required to be discarded
60
The Opportunidades program in Mexico focuses on:
Conditional cash transfers for family health behaviors
61
What is true about the Ebola virus?
- Burial practices were involved in the transmission of most cases
62
Environmental problems are responsible for what percentage of the global burden of disease?
25-33%
63
What percentage of people globally have access to improved water?
90%
64
Which type of air pollution causes more human health problems? ambient or household?
Household
65
Entamoeba and giardia are examples of ___.
Protists
66
E. coli and Vibrio cholera are examples of ______.
Baceria
67
Climate change/ozone depletion results in:
injury/death from storms, floods, fires
68
Crowded housing/poor ventilation results in:
respiratory diseases and lung cancer
69
Exposure to natural toxins results in:
poisoning from arsenic, fluorides
70
Poor water/sanitation results in:
diarrhea, vector-related diseases (malaria)
71
What does Carbon Dioxide cause?
reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
72
What does lead cause?
nervous system damage
73
What does the ozone cause?
breathing impairment; eye irritation
74
What does volatile organic compounds cause?
possible carcinogens
75
What strategy is the cheapest in terms of dollars per DALY averted?
Promotion of imroved hygiene

Global Human Health (1 decks)

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