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PSYCH 3330 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cognitive psychology

A

the study of the mental operations that support people’s acquisition and use of knowledge

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2
Q

human information processing

A

the psychological approach that attempts to identify what occurs during the various stages (attention, perception, STM, etc.) of processing information

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3
Q

sensory store

A

the part of memory that holds unanalyzed sensory information for a fraction of a second, providing an opportunity for additional analysis following the physical termination of a stimulus

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4
Q

pattern recognition

A

the stage of perception during which a stimulus is identified

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5
Q

filter

A

the part of attention in which some perceptual information is blocked (filtered) out and not recognized, while other information receives attention and is subsequently recognized

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6
Q

selection stage

A

the stage that follows pattern recignition and determines which information a person will try to remember

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7
Q

short term memory (STM)

A

memory that has limited capacity and that lasts only approximately 20 to 30 seconds in the absence of attending to its content

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8
Q

long term memory (LTM)

A

memory that has no capacity limits and lasts from minutes to an entire lifetime

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9
Q

bottom-up processing

A

the flow of information from the sensory store toward LTM

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10
Q

top-down processing

A

the flow of information from LTM toward the sensory store

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11
Q

stimulus-response (SR)

A

the approach that emphasizes the association between a stimulus and a response, without identifying the mental operations that produced the response

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12
Q

artificial intelligence

A

the study of how to produce computer programs that can perform intellectually demanding tasks

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13
Q

cognitive science

A

the interdisciplinary attempt to study cognition through such fields as psychology, philosophy, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology

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14
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the study of the relation between cognitive processes and brain activities

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15
Q

pattern recognition

A

the stage of perception during which a stimulus is identified

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16
Q

template

A

an unanalyzed pattern that is matched against alternative patterns by using the degrees of overlap as a measure of similarity

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17
Q

feature theory

A

a theory of pattern recognition that describes patterns in terms of their parts or features

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18
Q

distinctive feature

A

a feature present in one pattern but absent in another, aiding one’s discrimination of the two patterns (feature theory)

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19
Q

structural theory

A

a theory that specifies how the features of a pattern are joined to other features of the pattern

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20
Q

geons

A

different 3D shapes that combine to form 3D patterns

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21
Q

visual information store

A

a sensory store that maintains visual information for approximately one-quarter of a second

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22
Q

rehearsal

A

repeating verbal information to keep it active in STM or to transfer it into LTM

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23
Q

auditory information store

A

in Sperling’s model this store maintains verbal information in STM through rehearsal

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24
Q

serial processing

A

carrying out one operation at a time, such as pronouncing one word at a time

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25
Q

parallel processing

A

carrying out more than one operation at a time, such as looking at an art exhibit and making conversation

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26
Q

scan component

A

the attention component of Sperling’s model that determines what is recognized in the visual information store

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27
Q

detection paradigm

A

a procedure in which observers have to specify which of two possible target patterns is present in display

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28
Q

word superiority effect

A

the finding that accuracy in recognizing a letter is higher when the letter is in a word than when it appears alone or is in a nonword

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29
Q

interactive activation model

A

a theory proposing that both feature knowledge and word knowledge combine to provide information about the identity of letters in a word

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30
Q

excitatory connection

A

a positive association between concepts that belong together, as when a vertical line provides support for the possibility that a letter is a K

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31
Q

inhibitory connection

A

a negative association between concepts that do not belong together, as when the presence of a vertical line provides negative evidence that a letter is a D

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32
Q

parallel distributed processing

A

when information is simultaneously collected from different sources and combined to reach a decision

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33
Q

neural network model

A

a theory in which concepts (nodes) are linked to other concepts through excitatory and inhibitory connections to approximate the behavior of neural networks in the brain

34
Q

nodes

A

the format for representing concepts in a semantic network

35
Q

activation rule

A

a rule that determines how inhibitory and excitatory connections combine to determine the total activation of a concept

36
Q

bottleneck theory

A

a theory that attempts to explain how people select information when some information-processing stage becomes overloaded with too much information

37
Q

capacity theory

A

a theory proposing that we have a limited amount of mental effort to distribute across tasks, so there are limitations on the number of tasks we can perform at the same time

38
Q

filter model

A

the proposition that a bottleneck occurs at the pattern recognition stage and that attention determines what information reaches the pattern recognition stage

39
Q

limited capacity perceptual channel

A

the pattern recognition stage of Broadbent’s model, which is protected by the filter from becoming overloaded with too much perceptual information

40
Q

shadowing

A

an experimental method that requires people to repeat the attended message out loud

41
Q

contextual effect

A

the influence of surrounding context on the recognition of patterns

42
Q

threshold

A

the minimal amount of activation required to become consciously aware of a stimulus

43
Q

attenuation

A

a decrease in the perceived loudness of an unattended message

44
Q

late selection model

A

proposal that the bottleneck occurs when information is selected for memory

45
Q

allocation of capacity

A

when a limited amount of capacity is distributed to various tasks

46
Q

enduring disposition

A

an automatic influence to which people direct their attention

47
Q

momentary intention

A

a conscious decision to allocate attention to certain tasks or aspects of the environment

48
Q

automatic processing

A

performing mental operations that require very little mental effort

49
Q

Stroop effect

A

the finding that it takes longer to name the color of the ink a word is printed in when the word is the name of a competing color (for example the word red printed in blue ink)

50
Q

incidental learning

A

learning that occurs when we do not make a conscious effort to learn

51
Q

working memory

A

the use of STM as a temporary store for information needed to accomplish a particular task

52
Q

interference theory

A

proposal that forgetting occurs because other material interferes with the information in memory

53
Q

decay theory

A

proposal that information is spontaneously lost over time, even when there is no interference from other material

54
Q

retroactive interference

A

forgetting that occurs because of interference from material encountered after learning

55
Q

proactive interference

A

forgetting that occurs because of interference from material encountered before learning

56
Q

release from proactive interference

A

reducing proactive interference by having information be dissimilar from earlier material

57
Q

memory span

A

the number of correct items that people can immediately recall from a sequence of items

58
Q

chunks

A

a cluster of items that has been stored as a unit in LTM

59
Q

acoustic code

A

a memory code based on the sound of stimulus

60
Q

semantic code

A

a memory code based on the meaning of the stimulus

61
Q

memory set

A

a set of items in STM that can be compared against a test ite, to determine whether the test item is stored there

62
Q

self-terminating search

A

a search that stops as soon as the test item is successfully match to an item in the memory set

63
Q

exhaustive search

A

a search that continues until the test item is compared with all items in the memory set

64
Q

phonological loop

A

a component of Baddeley’s working memory model that maintains and manipulates acoustic information

65
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

a component of Baddeley’s working memory model that maintains and manipulates visual/spatial information

66
Q

central executive

A

a component of Baddeley’s working memory model that manages the use of working memory

67
Q

coding

A

semantic elaboration of information to make it easier to remember

68
Q

imaging

A

creating visual images to make material easier to remember

69
Q

rote learning

A

learning by repetition rather than through understanding

70
Q

serial position effect

A

the ability to recall words at the beginning and end of a list better than words in the middle of the list

71
Q

primacy effect

A

the better recall of words at the beginning of a list

72
Q

recency effect

A

the better recall of words at the end of a list

73
Q

metacognition

A

the selection of strategies for processing information

74
Q

knowledge aquisition

A

storage of information in LTM

75
Q

retieval strategy

A

a strategy for recalling information from LTM

76
Q

retrieval fluency

A

the ease with which an item can be recalled

77
Q

tip of the tongue

A

a retrieval state in which a person feels he or she knows the information but can’t immediately retrieve it

78
Q

spontaneous retrieval

A

a retrieval that occurs without making a conscious effort to recall information

79
Q

episodic memory

A

memory of specific events, including when and where they occured

80
Q

semantic memory

A

memory of general knowledge not associated with a particular context

81
Q

procedural memory

A

memory for actions, skills, and operations

82
Q

priming

A

facilitation in the detection or recognition of a stimulus by using prior information

PSYCH 3330 (3 decks)

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