Final Exam Flashcards
language
a collection of symbols and rules for combining symbols, which can express an infinite variety of messages
symbolic
the use of symbols, such as spoken or written words, to represent ideas
generative
the capability to produce many different messages by combining symbols in different ways
structures
the organization imposed on a language by its grammatical rules
Broca’s aphasia
a language disorder attributed to damage in the frontal lobe of the brain
Wernicke’s aphasia
a language disorder attributed to damage in the temporal lobe of the brain
slip of the tongue
a speech error
exchange error
an error in which two linguistic units are substituted for each other during sentence production
word exchange
an error in which two words are substituted for each other during sentence production
morpheme exchange
an error in which two morphemes are substituted for each other during sentence production
phoneme production
an error in which two phonemes are substituted for each other during sentence production
phase-structure grammar
a set of rules for partitioning a sentence into its grammatical units
transformational grammar
a set of rules for transforming a sentence into a closely related sentence
ambiguous sentence
a sentence that has more than one meaning
surface structure
the structure of a spoken sentence
deep structure
the underlying meaning of a sentence
high-constraint sentence
a sentence that produces a high expectation for a particular word
lexical decision task
a task that requires people to decide whether a string of letters is a word
low-constraint sentence
a sentence that produces an expectation for a broader range of words
arrangement problem
a problem that requires rearranging its parts to satisfy a specified criterion
Task: find a new arrangement or relationship
Provided: to-be-arranged components and criteria
Skills required:
-generating possibilities (leave behind possibilities that don’t work)
-retrieval of solution patterns (deal with things that we have stored in LTM
-knowledge of principles constraining the search
anagram
a problem that requires rearranging a string of letters to form a word
insight
the sudden discovery of a solution following unsuccessful attempts to solve a problem
functional fixedness
the tendency to use an object in a typical way
inducing-structure problem
a problem that requires finding a pattern among a fixed set of relations
Task: identify principle/rule/underlying structure to explain how components are related
Provided: organized components (initital stage, goal is to identify one of these things, and complete the problem
Skills required: identifying relations among components, fitting relations into patterns
Creativity: more creative people are able to see more patterns within a problem
series extrapolation
a problem that requires finding a pattern among a sequence of items to continue the sequence in the same pattern
analogy problem
a four-term problem that requires finding the answer that completes the relation: A is to B as C is to D
transformation problem
a problem that requires changing the initial state through a sequence of operations until it matches the goal state
Task: transform initial state into specified goal state
Provided: explicit description of start state, goal state, and permissible legal operators
Skills required: planning based on means-end analysis (difference reduction)
Ex: tower of Hanoi
means-end analysis
a strategy that can be used to solve transformation problems by eliminating differences between the initial and goal states
simulation problem
a computer program that attempts to reproduce the operations used by people to carry out various tasks
measure of sufficiency
a demonstration that the instructions in a computer program are capably of solving a problem
verbal protocol
a record of verbalized thought processes
search space
the set of choices at each step in solving the problem as determined by the problem
problem space
the set of choices evaluated at each step in solving a problem as determined by the problem solver
operator
an action that is selected to solve problems
table of connections
a table that links differences between problem states with operators for eliminating those differences
heuristic
a strategy that is often, but not always, helpful in solving problems
algorithm
a set of rules that will solve a problem if correctly followed
- guaranteed solution
- may be time consuming
- must be used systematically
subgoal
a goal that solves part of the problem
analogy
solving a problem by using a solution to a related problem
analogical transfer
use of the same solution in solving two problems