Exam 1 Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
What is a stereomicroscope?
A
A dissecting microscope
2
Q
What are the steps in tissue processing?
A
Fixation -> Dehydration -> Clearing -> Infiltration -> Embedding
3
Q
What solution is used for tissue fixation?
A
10% buffered formalin
4
Q
How thin must tissue samples be cut?
A
1-7 micrometers
5
Q
Silver stain- what does it stain & what color?
A
Reticular/nerve fibers; black (yellow background)
6
Q
PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff)- what does it stain and what color?
A
Basement membrane & carbohydrates; magenta
7
Q
What is the other name for cytosol?
A
Hyaloplasm
8
Q
What is the other name for cell inclusions within cytoplasm?
A
Paraplasm
9
Q
What are 2 examples of multinucleated cells?
A
Skeletal muscle cells, osteoclasts
10
Q
Euchromatic nucleus- characteristics & examples
A
Pale chromatin, active cell; neurons, hepatocytes, pancreatic acinar cells, serotoli cells
11
Q
How is mitochondria involved with apoptosis?
A
Initiates apoptosis by releasing cytochrome C
12
Q
In what cell type is the Golgi apparatus most developed?
A
Secretory cells
13
Q
What protein do proteasomes require for intracellular digestion?
A
Ubiquitin
14
Q
Lysosomes- enzyme type
A
Hydrolase
15
Q
Peroxisomes- enzyme type
A
Catalase
16
Q
What are the 2 microfilament types?
A
Actin & myosin
17
Q
What is an example of an intermediate filament?
A
Keratin
18
Q
What is an example of microtubules?
A
Cilia
19
Q
Where are tonofilament intermediate filaments found?
A
Epithelium
20
Q
Where are vimentin intermediate filaments found?
A
Mesenchymal cells
21
Q
Where are desmin intermediate filaments found?
A
Muscle
22
Q
Where is lipofuscin pigment found?
A
Muscle cells, cardiac cells
23
Q
Where is hemosiderin pigment found?
A
Spleen, liver
24
Q
Where is glycogen found?
A
Liver, muscle, neurons
25
What are the differences between microvilli, cilia, & stereocilia?
Microvilli- absorptive, brush border
Cilia- motile, longer
Stereocilia- absorptive, large microvilli
26
What are the four types of tissues?
Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
27
What are the 3 types of epithelia and their functions?
Surface epithelia- form sheets to cover body/lumen surfaces
Glandular epithelia- secretory epithelia
Special epithelia- receptors (taste & hearing)
28
What does mesothelium mesoderm line?
Peritoneal, pleural, & pericardial cavities
29
What does endothelium mesoderm line?
Blood & lymphatic vessels, heart chambers
30
What does ectoderm epithelium line?
The surface of the body (epidermis of skin)
31
What does endoderm epithelium line?
GI tract, respiratory system, liver, pancreas, bladder
32
What is the difference between epithelial cells & mesenchymal cells?
Epithelial- little intercellular substance, many cells
| Mesenchymal- lots of intercellular substance, few cells
33
What is the difference between basal lamina & basement membrane?
Basement membrane is the part of the basal lamina that is seen with light microscopy
34
What characteristics allow adhesion between epithelial cells?
Transmembrane glycoproteins, e-cadherins, intercellular adhesions
35
What are the functions of tight junctions?
Create seal around epithelial cells; prevent leakage of fluid
36
What are the functions of desmosomes?
Fasten cells together into sheets; like velcro; in skin
37
What are the functions of gap junctions?
Channels between adjacent cells for communication
38
What is the main characteristic of pseudostratified epithelium?
Cells look layered, but every cell contacts the basement membrane
39
Kartagener's/Immotile Cilia Syndrome- cause & effect
Dynein arms missing from cilia/sperm tails
| Chronic respiratory infection (no cilia in airway); male sterility
40
What type of epithelium can be keratinized?
Stratified squamous epithelium
41
True or false: keratinized cells have nuclei
False
42
Where is transitional epithelium found?
Lines urinary passages
43
What is the secretory unit of exocrine ducts?
Adenomere
44
What are the 3 shapes of duct adenomeres?
Tubular, acinar, alveolar
45
What are the 4 types of glands?
Serous, mucous, mixed, sebaceous
46
What are characteristics of serous glands?
Round nuclei, basophilic/acidophilic cytoplasm in basal/apical parts of cells, darker in color
47
What are characteristics of mucous glands?
Flat & heterochromatic nuclei @ base of cells, vacuolated (frothy)/ pale cytoplasm
48
What are characteristics of sebaceous glands?
Centrally located nuclei, pale/foamy cytoplasm
49
What is merocrine secretion?
No cytoplasm lost during secretion
50
What is apocrine secretion?
Some cytoplasm lost producing secretion
51
What is holocrine secretion?
Entire cell is the product of secretion
52
What is endocrine secretion?
Product is secreted into blood vessels
53
What are malignant tumors of connective tissue called?
Sarcomas
54
What cell types are resident cells of connective tissue?
Embryonic mesenchyme cells (fibroblasts, reticular cells, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells)
55
What cell types are transient cells of connective tissue?
Hematopoietic stem cells (plasma cells, leukocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes)
56
True or false: fibrocytes are active cells
False (fibroblasts are active; fibrocytes are inactive)
57
What are characteristics of type 1 collagen?
Resists tensile force; found in bone, dermis, tendons
58
What are characteristics of type 2 cartilage?
Resists compression; forms fibrils in cartilage
59
What are characteristics of type 3 collagen?
Reticular fibers; found in spleen, lymph nodes, liver
60
What are characteristics of type 4 cartilage?
Found in basement membranes
61
What color are collagen fibers?
White
62
What color are elastic fibers?
Yellow
63
What is connective tissue ground substance made up of?
GAGs, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
64
What is a proteoglycan composed of?
GAG + protein core
65
What is an abnormal accumulation of connective tissue fluid called?
Edema
66
What are the 4 types of proper connective tissue?
Loose, dense, reticular, adipose
67
What is the endocrine function of white adipose tissue?
Produces leptin (regulates body fat)
68
How does brown adipose tissue differ from white adipose tissue (look & function)?
Many lipid droplets per cell, mitochondria, found in hibernating/newborn animals for heat generation
69
True or false: cartilage is a avascular
True
70
What type of cell does cartilage differentiate from?
Mesenchymal cells
71
What cell type is present in perichondrium?
Chondroprogenital cells
72
Where is perichondrium present?
All hyaline cartilage EXCEPT articular, elastic cartilage (NOT present in fibrocartilage)
73
What molecular component makes cartilage strong & flexible?
Proteoglycans (present in ground substance)
74
What space surrounds each chondrocyte?
Lacunae
75
What functions do chondrocytes have?
Synthesis of ground substance & cartilage matrix
76
What is a cartilage isogenous group?
A cluster of 2-4 chondrocytes
77
What are histological characteristics of chondrocytes?
Small euchromatic nuclei, basophilic, lipid droplets
78
What is the main structural glycoproteins of cartilage matrix?
Chondronectin
79
Why is the cartilage matrix basophilic?
High concentration of GAGs
80
What is the territorial matrix of a chondrocyte?
Area immediately surrounding a chondrocyte; more basophilic than rest of matrix
81
What is cartilage interstitial growth?
Growth from within the cartilage; when a single chondrocyte replicates
82
What is cartilage appositional growth?
Growth from the periphery; from the perichondrium
83
What collagen type is present in hyaline cartilage?
Type 2 collagen
84
Where is hyaline cartilage located?
Fetal axial/appendicular skeleton, growth plates, articular cartilage, costo-Chandra junctions, nasal septum, larynx, tracheal rings, bronchi
85
What is another name for a growth plate?
Physis
86
What are the 3 zones of growth at a growth plate?
Zone of resting, zone of proliferation, zone of hypertrophy
87
Where is elastic cartilage located?
Larynx (epiglottis), external auditory canal, pinna of ear
88
True or false: all cartilage types have perichondrium
False
89
What type of collagen is present in fibrocartilage?
Type 1 collagen
90
Where is fibrocartilage located?
Intervertebral discs, mensci, insertions of tendons, mandibular symphysis, pubic symphysis
91
What type of collagen is found in bone organic matrix?
Type 1 collagen
92
What is present in the bone's inorganic matrix?
Hydroxyapatite crystals
93
What is periosteum?
Connective tissue layer that covers outside of bones
94
What is endosteum?
Connective tissue layer that lines trabeculae of spongy bone
95
What is the bone extracellular matrix called?
Osteoid
96
What is the difference between woven bone and lamellar bone?
Woven bone- immature bone; fibers randomly arranged
| Lamellar bone- mature bone; fibers arranged in parallel
97
How to osteocytes communicate?
Filopodia extended via bone canaliculi (tunnels within bone)
98
True or false: osteoblasts have lacunae
False (only osteocytes have lacunae when in mineralized matrix)
99
What are the functions of osteoclasts?
To remodel bone in response to growth/mechanical stress; to maintain Ca homeostasis
100
What are bone trabeculae?
Compact bone; where osteocytes are located
101
What is intramembranous ossification?
Occurs within membranes of mesenchymal tissue (immature); flat bones of skull
102
What is endochondral ossification?
Bone develops from cartilage at ossification centers/growth plates; most bones
103
What is the functional unit of mature bone?
Osteon
104
What is at the center of each osteon?
Haversian canal
105
What hormone increases osteoclast activity?
Parathyroid Hormone
106
True or false: synovial cells are epithelial cells
False (connective tissue cells that look like epithelium)
107
What is the main component of synovial fluid?
Hyaluronic acid
108
What are the functions of synovial fluid?
Nutrition, lubrication, protection of articular surfaces
109
What other type of tissue is often found within elastic cartilage?
Adipose tissue
110
Which part of a long bone contains the primary ossification center: the diaphysis or the epiphysis?
The Diaphysis (the epiphysis has the secondary ossification center)
