Exam 1 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
The enzyme cleaving fibrin in fibrinolysis is:
a) Caspase
b) Plasmin
c) Thrombin
d) Streptokinase
e) Superoxide dismutase
A
b) plasmin
2
Q
Exposure to vascular basement membrane collagen activates which of the following to initiate the intrinsic coagulation system?
a) Prothrombin (II)
b) Platelet factor 3
c) Thromboplastin (III)
d) Hageman factor (XII)
e) Stuart-Prower factor (X)
A
d) Hageman factor (XII)
3
Q
Release of which of the following molecules from mitochondria into cytosol is associated with activation of apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway?
a) p53
b) ATP
c) Bcl-2
d) Perforin
e) Cytochrome
A
e) Cytochrome
4
Q
Which of the following acts as a scavenger to terminate lipid peroxidation reactions?
a) Vitamin E
b) Hemosiderin
c) Cytochrome c
d) Ferrous iron (Fe++)
e) Superoxide radical
A
a) Vitamin E
5
Q
Tissue pigments derived from breakdown of red blood cells are:
a) Hemosiderin
b) Lipofuscin
c) Bilirubin
d) A, B and C
e) A and C
A
e) A and C
6
Q
The finding of any one of the following cellular changes indicates cell necrosis EXCEPT:
a) Lipidosis
b) Karyorrhexis
c) Chromatolysis
d) Nuclear pyknosis
e) Cytoplasmic membrane rupture
A
a) Lipidosis
7
Q
Which of the following are sources of free radicals that can induce cell injury?
a) Tissue absorption of UV light
b) Carbon tetrachloride toxicity
c) Fenton reaction
d) A and B
e) A, B and C
A
e) A, B and C
8
Q
Thrombosis in large arteries supplying distal extremities (feet, ear pinna) commonly leads to which of the following patterns of necrosis?
a) Gangrenous necrosis
b) Liquifactive necrosis
c) Coagulation necrosis
d) Caseous necrosis
e) Fat necrosis
A
a) Gangrenous necrosis
9
Q
Which of the following types of cell injuries commonly leads to death characterized by necrosis?
a) Rapid and severe ATP depletion
b) Severe membrane damage
c) Severe free radical damage
d) Massive cytosolic influx of calcium
e) All of the above
A
e) All of the above
10
Q
Which of the following inducers of cell death resulting in apoptosis mediates the process via the death receptor (extrinsic) pathway?
a) TNF-α
b) Hormone withdrawal
c) Growth factor withdrawal
d) Radiation
e) BandC
A
a) TNF-α
11
Q
All of the following events commonly occur in the pathogenesis of secondary amyloidosis EXCEPT:
a) Chronic inflammation
b) Excessive immunoglobulin light chain production
c) IL-1 and TNF-α cytokine production by macrophages m
d) Partial proteolytic cleavage of SAA to form amyloid in tissue
e) Cytokine stimulation of hepatocytic production of serum amyloid-associated (SAA) protein
A
b) Excessive immunoglobulin light chain production
12
Q
Amyloid has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:
a) Stains with Lugol’s iodine solution in gross specimens
b) Has β–pleated sheet structure and contributes to tissue dysfunction
c) Stains with Congo red in histologic tissue sections
d) Deposits in tissue are homogeneous eosinophilic polysaccharide
e) Is derived from multiple precursor molecules
A
d) Deposits in tissue are homogeneous eosinophilic polysaccharide
13
Q
Thrombosis of which of the following vessels is most likely to lead to ascites?
a) Hepatic vein at junction with caudal vena cava
b) Main branch of hepatic artery
c) Internal iliac artery
d) Renal artery
e) Cranial vena cava
A
a) Hepatic vein at junction with caudal vena cava
14
Q
Which of the following molecules acts to initiate or promote apoptosis?
a) p53
b) Bcl-2
c) Granzyme B
d) A and B
e) A and C
A
e) A and C
15
Q
Increase in cell size as an adaptive response is:
a) Atrophy
b) Hypertrophy
c) Hyperplasia
d) Hypoplasia
e) Metaplasia
A
b) Hypertrophy
16
Q
Replacement of one cell type by another cell type as an adaptive response is:
a) Atrophy
b) Hypertrophy
c) Hyperplasia
d) Hypoplasia
e) Metaplasia
A
e) Metaplasia
17
Q
Edema fluid in histologic sections of the lung resulting from increased vascular permeability compared to other pathogenetic mechanisms of edema is easily recognized because:
a) Lymphatics are distended by edema fluid
b) Alveoli are distended by edema fluid
c) Interlobular septa are thickened by edema fluid
d) Perivascular areas are enlarged by edema fluid
e) Edema fluid is eosinophilic
A
e) Edema fluid is eosinophilic (proteins leak too)
18
Q
Which of the following is a physical mass carried from its site of origin in the vessel wall to a more distant site?
a) Thrombus
b) Metastasis
c) Infarct
d) Embolus
e) Blood clot
A
d) Embolus
19
Q
Which tissues are highly susceptible to infarction because they lack a dual blood supply?
a) Liver
b) Cerebral cortex
c) Myocardium
d) A and B
e) B and C
A
e) B and C
20
Q
Caseation necrosis occurs in pathologic responses characterized by tissue accumulation of large numbers of:
a) Neutrophils
b) Eosinophils
c) Erythrocytes
d) Macrophages
e) Lymphocytes
A
d) Macrophages
21
Q
The mechanism of calcification that occurs in renal infarcts is:
a) Dystrophic
b) Metastatic
c) Epistatic
d) Coagulative
e) B and D
A
a) Dystrophic (injury)
22
Q
A cell with one of the following changes: pyknosis, karyorrhexis or karyolysis is:
a) Apoptotic
b) Necrotic
c) Metastatic
d) Non-ecstatic
e) Reversibly damaged
A
b) Necrotic
23
Q
Liquefactive necrosis occurs in pathologic responses characterized by tissue accumulation of large numbers of:
a) Neutrophils
b) Platelets
c) Erythrocytes
d) Macrophages
e) Lymphocytes
A
a) Neutrophils
24
Q
Activation of Hageman factor (XII) directly or indirectly activates:
a) Intrinsic coagulation system
b) Extrinsic coagulation system
c) Fibrinolysis
d) Calcification
e) A and C
A
e) A and C
25
Which of the following is released from mitochondria in response to injury to induce caspase cascade activation?
a) p53
b) Granzyme
c) Kallikrein
d) Cytochrome c
e) Hageman factor
d) Cytochrome c
26
Plasminogen is activated to plasmin by:
a) Tissue plasminogen activator
b) Kallikrein
c) Endotoxin
d) A and B
e) A, B and C
e) A, B and C
27
Which of the following are components of Virchow’s Triad (3)?
a) Changes in blood that produce thrombosis
b) Activation of Hageman factor (XII)
c) Increased Hydrostatic Pressure
d) Alterations in the vessel wall
e) Increased vascular permeability
f) Changes in blood flow
A, D, F
28
Endothelial cells inhibit platelet aggregation via release of:
a) ADP (platelets release)
b) Prostacyclin (PGI2)
c) Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
d) Von Willebrand’s Factor (promotes thrombosis)
e) Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) (promotes aggregation)
b) Prostacyclin (PGI2)
29
All of the following laboratory findings are typically present with disseminated intravascular coagulation EXCEPT:
a) Hypofibrinogenemia
b) Thrombocytopenia
c) Shortened clotting times
d) Elevated D-dimers
e) A, B
c) Shortened clotting times - clotting times are prolonged with DIC
30
Thrombosis in which of the following types of vessels induces increased hydrostatic pressure in it's connecting
capillary bed?
a) Vein
b) Artery
a) Vein
31
The 5 basic pathogenesis mechanisms of edema are:
1. sodium retention
2. hypercalcemia
3. decreased colloidal osmotic (oncotic) pressure
4. increased colloidal osmotic (oncotic) pressure
5. lymphatic obstruction
6. increased hydrostatic pressure
7. decreased hydrostatic pressure
8. increased vascular permeability
9. decreased vascular permeability
1, 3, 5, 6, 8
32
Amyloid protein in renal amyloidosis in dogs is derived from:
a) Prion protein
b) Apolipoprotein
c) islet amyloid polypeptide
d) Immunoglobulin light chain
e) Serum amyloid-associated (SAA) protein
e) Serum amyloid-associated (SAA) protein
33
The mechanism of cell injury in carbon tetrachloride injury can best be described as being mediated through:
a) Hypoxic cell injury
b) Free-radical damage
c) Granzyme-induced apoptosis
d) Membrane phospholipolysis
e) Depression of RNA polymerase II
b) Free-radical damage
34
Nuclear fragmentation occurs without cytoplasmic swelling in:
a) Apoptosis
b) Necrosis
c) Lipidosis
d) Cell degeneration
e) None of the above
a) Apoptosis
35
Pigment forming in lysosomes as a breakdown product of lipid membranes and lipid peroxidation:
a) Hemosiderin
b) Lipofuscin
c) Bilirubin
d) Anthracosis
e) Melananin
b) Lipofuscin
36
Pigment formed in lysosomes from red blood cell breakdown and iron complexes:
a) Hemosiderin
b) Lipofuscin
c) Bilirubin
d) Anthracosis
e) Melanosis
a) Hemosiderin
37
Which of the following act(s) as scavenger(s) for oxygen free radicals or lipid peroxidation reactions?
a) Superoxide dismutase
b) Glutathione
c) Vitamin E
d) Bilirubin
e) B, C
e) B, C
38
A physical mass carried from its site of origin in the vessel wall to a more distant site is a:
a) Thrombus
b) Metastasis
c) Infarct
d) Embolus
e) Blood clot
d) Embolus
39
Liver is more resistant to infarction than myocardium because:
a) It has a dual blood supply.
b) It receives part of its blood from the intestines
c) Only the good die young
d) No good organ function goes unpunished
e) Resistance is futile
a) It has a dual blood supply
40
Which of the following pathologic responses is more likely to occur following thrombosis in a vein as compared to thrombosis in an artery?
a) Hemorrhagic infarction
b) Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure in the proximal vascular bed
c) Septic infarction
d) A and B
e) A ,B, and C
d) A and B
41
Which of the following morphological changes in cells is most consistent with necrosis?
a) Nuclear pyknosis
b) Mitochondrial swelling
c) Cytoplasmic eosinophilia
d) Cytoplasmic vacuolization
e) Apoptotic body phagocytosis
a) Nuclear pyknosis
42
The most common form of amyloidosis seen in animals in veterinary practice:
a) Primary
b) Secondary (SAA-derived)
c) Endocrine associated
d) Aging associated amyloid
e) None of the above
b) Secondary (SAA-derived)
43
Free radicals contribute to cell injury and cell death by inducing:
a) Lipid peroxidation of membranes
b) DNA damage
c) Cross linked proteins
d) A and B
e) A, B and C
e) A, B and C
44
Endothelial cells inhibit/reverse thrombosis at least in part by (3):
1. Inhibition of platelet aggregation via prostacyclin production
2. Inhibition of platelet aggregation via thromboxane A2 production n
3. Binds thrombin and thrombomodulin
4. Release of thromboplastin
5. Release of plasminogen activator
1, 3, 5
45
An arterial thrombus usually has the following features that differentiate it from a postmortem clot (4):
a) Attached to vessel wall
b) Firm and friable
c) Rubbery consistency
d) Laminated (Lines of Zahn)
e) May be associated with pale (white) infarct
A, B, D, E - NOT C
46
Which of the following are sources of or result in free radicals in cells and tissues?
a) Respiratory chain enzymes and oxygen
b) Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase
c) Carbon tetrachloride toxicity
d) A and B
e) A, B and C
e) A, B and C
47
An increase in cell number in tissue in response to injury is:
a) Atrophy
b) Hypertrophy
c) Hyperplasia
d) Metaplasia
e) Apoptosis
c) Hyperplasia
48
Which of the following are common sequelae of chronic thrombosis of the jugular vein?
a) Macrophage and endothelial infiltration with recanalization
b) Partial fibrinolysis
c) Pulmonary thromboembolism
d) Metastatic calcification of the vein
e) Dystrophic calcification of the vein
A, B, C, E
49
Vitamin E deficiency leads to accumulation of which of the following lysosomes?
a) Hemosiderin
b) Lipofuscin
c) Bilirubin
d) Amyloid
e) Melanin
b) Lipofuscin
50
Which of the following events or diseases leads to dystrophic calcification in tissues?
a) Chronic renal disease and uremia
b) Adenocarcinoma of the apocrine glands of the anal sac
c) Repeated injection in the jugular veins and chronic thrombosis
d) A and C
e) A and B
c) Repeated injection in the jugular veins and chronic thrombosis
51
Which of the following events or disease leads to metastatic calcification in tissues?
a) Chronic renal disease and uremia
b) Adenocarcinoma of the apocrine glands of the anal sac
c) Repeated injection in the jugular veins and chronic thrombosis
d) A and C
e) A and B
e) A and B
52
All of the following are morphologic features of reversibly damaged cells EXCEPT:
a) Karyorrhexis
b) Rupture of the plasma membrane
c) Mitochondrial swelling
d) Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum
e) A and B
e) A and B
53
Which of the following are sources of free radicals in cells and tissues?
a) Respiratory chain enzymes and oxygen
b) Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase
c) NADPH oxidase
d) High oxygen exposure
e) All of the above
e) All of the above
54
All of the following are features of thrombosis EXCEPT:
a) Extravascular clot of fibrin admixed with platelets during life
b) Activation of thrombin and conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
c) Attachment to the vessel wall
d) Platelet release reaction
e) Platelet activation
a) Extravascular clot of fibrin admixed with platelets during life
55
Endothelial cells inhibit thrombosis by:
a) Producing prostacyclin (PGI2)
induction of apoptosis?
b) Covering subendothelial collagen
c) Bind factors such as thrombin and thrombomodulin which activate anticoagulant proteins
d) A and B
e) A, B and C
e) A, B and C
56
Sequelae to thrombosis include:
a) Propagation
b) Infarction
c) Recanalization
d) Fibrinolysis
e) All of the above
e) All of the above
57
All of the following changes indicate cell necrosis EXCEPT:
a) karyorrhexis
b) chromatolysis
c) nuclear pyknosis
d) defects in plasma membranes
e) swelling of endoplasmic reticulum
e) swelling of endoplasmic reticulum
58
Which of the following receptor/ligand interactions have been associated with the induction of apoptosis?
a) FAS/FAS ligand
b) TNF-/TNF receptor
c) TGF-/TGF- receptor
d) A and B
e) A, B, and C
d) A and B
59
Which of the following are sources of free radicals in cells and tissues?
a) Respiratory chain enzymes and oxygen
b) Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase
c) NADPH oxidase
d) High oxygen exposure
e) All of the above
e) All of the above
60
Endothelial cells inhibit thrombosis by:
a) Producing prostacyclin (PGI2)
b) Covering subendothelial collagen
c) Bind factors such as antithrombin III and thrombomodulin which contribute to anticoagulant activity
d) A and B
e) A, B and C
e) A, B and C
61
Release of which of the following molecules from mitochondria into cytosol is associated with activation of apoptosis?
a) p53
b) ATP
c) Bcl-2
d) Perforin
e) Cytochrome c
e) Cytochrome c
62
Which tissues are highly susceptible to infarction because they lack a dual blood supply?
a) Liver
b) Lung
c) Kidney
d) A and B
e) B and C
c) Kidney
63
A localized area of ischemic necrosis in tissue resulting from occlusion of the arterial or venous supply defines which of the following?
a) Blood clot
b) Thrombus
c) Embolus
d) Infarct
e) Apoptosis
d) Infarct
64
Damage to endothelial cells releases which of the following to initiate the extrinsic coagulation system?
a) Prothrombin (II)
b) Platelet factor 3
c) Thromboplastin (III)
d) Hageman factor (XII)
e) Stuart-Prower factor (X)
c) Thromboplastin (III)
65
All of the following are components of Virchow’s Triad EXCEPT:
a) Changes in the vessel wall
b) Changes in platelets
c) Changes in blood flow
d) Changes in blood (hypercoagulability)
b) Changes in platelets
66
Amyloid has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:
a) Stains with Lugol’s iodine solution in gross specimens
b) Has alpha-helix structure
c) Stains with Congo red in histologic tissue sections
d) Deposits in tissue are homogeneously eosinophilic
e) Can be derived from multiple precursor molecules
b) Has alpha-helix structure
67
The mechanism of generalized body edema that occurs in dogs with long standing renal amyloidosis is:
a) Increased hydrostatic pressure
b) Increased vascular permeability
c) Decreased oncotic pressure
d) Lymphatic obstruction
e) Sodium retention
c) Decreased oncotic pressure
68
Which of the following interacts with hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl radical (OH.)?
a) Oxygen
b) Vitamin E
c) Hemosiderin
d) Cytochrome c
e) Ferrous iron (Fe++)
e) Ferrous iron (Fe++)
69
The tissue pigment derived from breakdown of red blood cells by macrophages:
a) Hemosiderin
b) Lipofuscin
c) Melanin
d) Hematin
e) Calcification
a) Hemosiderin
70
Features that characterize a large venous thrombus and that are not found in postmortem blood clots include:
a) Dark red color
b) Attached to the vessel wall
c) Firm and friable
d) Soft and elastic
e) B and C
e) B and C
71
Which of the following activate plasminogen to plasmin?
a) Tissue plasminogen activator
b) Streptokinase
c) Kallikrein
d) A, B
e) A, B, C
e) A, B, C
72
Inflammatory responses rarely, if ever, occur in response to:
a) Apoptosis
b) Bacterial infection
c) Necrosis
d) AandB
e) AandC
a) Apoptosis
73
Ischemia reperfusion injury is characterized by which of the following?
a) ATP depletion
b) Free radical injury
c) Protein misfolding and apoptosis
d) A and B
e) A,B and C
d) A and B
74
Which of the following are mechanisms of metastatic calcification?
a) carbon tetrachloride liver damage
b) primary parathyroid adenoma
c) hypervitaminosis E
d) A, B and C
e) B, C
b) primary parathyroid adenoma
75
The Lines of Zahn refers to:
lines formed in large thrombi by interlaced bands of fibrin, platelets and blood while blood is flowing
76
Which tissue(s) is/are highly susceptible to infarction because it/they lack(s) a dual blood supply?
a) liver
b) cerebral cortex
c) myocardium
d) A, B
e) B, C
e) B, C
77
Injury to vascular endothelium with exposure of subendothelial collagen leads to activation of the intrinsic coagulation cascade through activation of?
a) Hageman factor (XII)
b) Antithrombin III
c) Tissue Factor (Thromboplastin, III)
d) A, B
e) A, B, C
a) Hageman factor (XII)
78
All of the following are components of Virchow’s Triad EXCEPT?
a) Alterations in leukocyte migration through the vessel wall
b) Alterations in the vessel wall (endothelial damage)
c) Changes in blood that promote hypercoagulability
d) Changes in blood flow
a) Alterations in leukocyte migration through the vessel wall
79
In the lung slide from laboratory 4 with thrombosis and recanalization of pulmonary arteries and recurring bacteremia, the long-term pathophysiologic sequelae of recanalized thrombi in pulmonary arteries is?
a) Disseminated intravascular coagulation
b) Thromboembolism to renal arteries
c) Decreased cross-sectional area of arterial lumens and pulmonary hypertension
d) Protein losing pulmonary disease
e) Terminal pulmonary hemorrhage
c) Decreased cross-sectional area of arterial lumens and pulmonary hypertension
80
Epithelial neoplasms of the limb frequently lead to edema of the affected limb via the mechanism of?
a) Increased hydrostatic pressure
b) Increased vascular permeability
c) Decreased oncotic pressure
d) Lymphatic obstruction
e) Increased sodium retention in renal disease
a) Increased hydrostatic pressure
81
Which of the following changes is/are indicative of irreversible cell injury?
a) Pyknosis
b) Karyorrhexis
c) Apoptotic bodies
d) A, B
e) A, B, C
e) A, B, C
82
Which of the following contribute to formation of free radicals that initiate cell injury?
a) Ultraviolet radiation
b) Carbon tetrachloride
c) Fenton reaction
d) A, B
e) A, B, C
e) A, B, C
83
The most important mechanism contributing to cell death in infarction is?
a) Membrane damage
b) Protein misfolding
c) Free radical injury
d) ATP depletion
e) DNA damage
d) ATP depletion
84
Which of the following events commonly lead(s) to metastatic calcification?
a) Hypovitaminosis D
b) Primary thyroid tumor
c) Chronic renal disease
d) A, B
e) A, C
c) Chronic renal disease
85
Endothelial cells inhibit thrombosis by?
a) Releasing thromboplastin
b) Producing thromboxane A2
c) Producing prostacyclin
d) A, B
e) A, B, C
c) Producing prostacyclin
86
Postmortem venous blood clots are all of the following EXCEPT?
a) Red
b) Firm and friable
c) Attached to the vessel wall
d) A, B, C
e) B, C
e) B, C
87
All of the following are features of disseminated intravascular coagulation EXCEPT?
a) Multiorgan thrombosis
b) Consumption of coagulation factors
c) Terminal bleeding tendency
d) Decreased D-dimers
e) Hypofibrinogenemia
d) Decreased D-dimers
88
Thrombosis of which of the following large caliber vessels is most likely to lead to ascites (hydroperitoneum)?
a) Hepatic artery
b) Portal vein
c) Renal artery
d) Renal vein
e) Colic artery
b) Portal vein
89
Which causative agents often induce caseous penis necrosis as part of their pathogenesis?
a) Mycobacterium bovis
b) Fusobacterium necrophorum
c) Salmonella typhimurium
d) A, B
e) A, B, C
d) A, B
90
Plasmin is activated by all of the following EXCEPT:
a) tissue plasminogen activator
b) streptokinase
c) cytochrome c
d) kallikrein
c) Cytochrome c
91
Which of the following is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis?
a) p53
b) Bcl-2
c) cytochrome c
d) granzyme B
e) ferrous iron
b) Bcl-2
92
Hageman factor (XII) activation leads directly to the activation of which of the following:
a) Intrinsic coagulation cascade
b) Extrinsic coagulation cascade
a) Intrinsic coagulation cascade
93
The finding of any one of the following cellular changes indicates cell necrosis EXCEPT:
a) karyorrhexis
b) chromatolysis
c) nuclear pyknosis
d) defects in plasma membranes
e) swelling of Golgi apparatus
e) swelling of Golgi apparatus
94
Which of the following inducers of cell death resulting in apoptosis mediates the process via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway?
a) TNF-α
b) Cytotoxic T-cells
c) FAS ligand
d) Growth factor withdrawal
d) Growth factor withdrawal
95
All of the following tissues are resistant to infarction because they have a dual blood supply EXCEPT:
a) Liver
b) Myocardium
c) Lung
d) Liver and lung
b) Myocardium
96
All of the following events commonly occur in the pathogenesis of secondary amyloidosis EXCEPT:
a) Chronic inflammation
b) IL-1 and TNF-alpha cytokine production by epithelial cells
c) SAA production by hepatocytes
d) Partial proteolytic cleavage of SAA to form amyloid in tissue
e) Cytokine stimulation of hepatocytic production of serum amyloid-associated (SAA) protein
b) IL-1 and TNF-alpha cytokine production by epithelial cells
97
Amyloid has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:
a) Stains with Lugol’s iodine solution in gross specimens
b) Has beta-pleated sheet structure
c) Stains with Prussian blue in histologic tissue sections
d) Deposits in tissue are homogeneously eosinophilic
e) Is derived from multiple precursor molecules
c) Stains with Prussian blue in histologic tissue sections
98
Replacement of one cell type by another cell type as an adaptive response is:
a) Atrophy
b) Hypertrophy
c) Hyperplasia
d) Hypoplasia
e) Metaplasia
e) Metaplasia
99
All of the following types of cell injuries are likely to lead to cell necrosis EXCEPT those leading to:
a) ATP depletion
b) Membrane damage
c) Lipid accumulation
d) Free radical formation
e) Calcium influx into cells
c) Lipid accumulation
100
```
Which of the following pathogenetic mechanisms is most important in the edema that occurs in acute fibrinous
pneumonia in cattle?
a) Increased hydrostatic pressure
b) Increased vascular permeability
c) Decreased oncotic pressure
d) Lymphatic obstruction
e) Sodium retention
```
b) Increased vascular permeability
101
Calcium deposition that occurs in jugular vein walls after repeated venapuncture is an example of:
a) Ischemic necrosis
b) Liquefactive necrosis
c) Metastatic calcification
d) Dystrophic calcification
e) Venous fibroelastosis and necrosis
d) Dystrophic calcification
102
All of the following pathologic responses are more likely to occur following thrombosis of a vein as compared to
thrombosis in an artery EXCEPT?
a) Hemorrhagic infarction
b) Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure in the proximal vascular bed
c) Pale (white) infarct
c) Pale (white) infarct
103
Lipofuscin is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
a) Brown pigment in cells
b) Product of lipid peroxidation
c) Stains with Prussian blue stain
d) Stains with acid fast stain
c) Stains with Prussian blue stain
104
In the lung slide from laboratory 4 with thrombosis and recanalization of pulmonary arteries and recurring
bacteremia, the long-term pathophysiologic sequelae of recanalized thrombi in pulmonary arteries is:
a) Pulmonary infarction
b) Thromboembolism to coronary arteries
c) Decreased cross-sectional area of arterial lumens and pulmonary hypertension
d) Terminal pulmonary hemorrhage
c) Decreased cross-sectional area of arterial lumens and pulmonary hypertension
105
The mechanism of generalized body edema that occurs in dogs with long standing renal amyloidosis is:
a) Increased hydrostatic pressure
b) Increased vascular permeability
c) Decreased oncotic pressure
d) Lymphatic obstruction
e) Sodium retention
c) Decreased oncotic pressure
106
Endothelial cells inhibit or counter act thrombosis by all of the following following mechanisms EXCEPT:
a) Synthesize prostacyclin (PGI2)
b) Synthesize tissue plasminogen activator
c) Inhibit nitric oxide
d) Cover subendothelial collagen
e) Bind antithrombin III to inhibit thrombin
c) Inhibit nitric oxide
107
Which of the following is found in histologic sections of thrombi, but not in postmortem clots?
a) Lamination
b) Necrotic leukocytes
c) Fibrin
d) Erythrocytes
e) A and B
e) A and B
108
All of the following are mechanisms of icterus EXCEPT:
a) Decreased heme breakdown
b) Decreased hepatic uptake of bilirubin
c) Impaired bilirubin conjugation
d) Impaired bilirubin excretion from hepatocytes
e) Bile duct obstruction
a) Decreased heme breakdown
109
All of the following are causes of metastatic calcification EXCEPT:
a) Hypervitaminosis D
b) Hypovitaminosis E
c) Primary hyperparathyroidism
d) Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism
e) Secondary renal hyperparathyroidism
b) Hypovitaminosis E
110
Which of the following are changes seen in reversible cell injury?
a) mitochondrial swelling
b) Swelling of ER
c) Pyknosis and karyorrhexis
d) A and B
e) C and D
d) A and B
111
Mitochondrial release of cytochrome C contributes to the initiation of:
a) Necrosis
b) Atrophy
c) Apoptosis
d) Cell swelling
e) Lipidosis
c) Apoptosis
112
Mitochondrial and ER swelling often accompanies:
a) Apoptosis
b) Necrosis
b) Necrosis
113
Which of the following mechanisms contributes most to cell dealth in hypoxic tissue injury?
a) ATP Depletion
b) Free radical injury
c) DNA damage
d) Protein misfolding
e) Membrane damage
a) ATP Depletion
114
Which of the following mechanisms contributes most to cell death in hypoxic tissue injury?
a) ATP Depletion
b) Free radical injury
c) DNA damage
d) Protein misfolding
e) Membrane damage
a) ATP Depletion
115
Which of the following pigments can result in brown pigmentation of organs and cytoplasm?
a) Melanin
b) Hemosiderin
c) Lipofuscin
d) Bilirubin
e) B, C and D
e) B, C and D
116
The form of amyloid associated with diabetes mellitus in cats is:
a) Immunoglobin (primary)
b) Serum amyloid A protein
c) Endocrine amyloid
d) Apolioprotein
e) B-Amyloid
c) Endocrine amyloid
117
The mechanism of pulmonary edema in left heart failure is:
a) Increased hydrostatic pressure
b) Increased vascular permeability
c) Decreased oncotic pressure
d) Lymphatic obstruction
e) Sodium retention
a) Increased hydrostatic pressure
118
Three dimensional masses of hemorrhage in tissues are:
a) petechiae
b) Ecchymoses
c) Purpura
d) Hematomas
e) Hemathoses
d) Hematomas
119
Thrombosis centrally involves coagulation, platelet aggregation and?
a) High blood flow
b) Increased vascular permeability
c) Increased hydrostatic pressure
d) Vessel wall
e) Lymphatic obstruction
d) Vessel wall
120
Vessel wall damage can initiate coagulation via:
a) collagen exposure and Hageman factor activation
b) Endothelial cell release of tissue factor (III)
c) Release of plasminogen activator
d) A and B
e) A, B and C
d) A and B
121
Damaged endothelial cells release the following to promote thrombosis:
a) tissue factor (III)
b) Antithrombin III
c) Von Willebrand's factor
d) A and B
e) A and C
e) A and C
122
Thrombosis of which vessel is most likely to lead to severe edema in the tissue of the supplied or drained
microvascular bed?
a) Artery
b) Vein
b) Vein
123
Which of the following tissues are resistance to infarction because they have dual blood supply?
a) cerebral cortex
b) Liver
c) Lung
d) A and B
e) B and C
e) B and C
124
All of the following can act as scavengers of free radicals EXCEPT
a) Glutathione
b) Vitamin E
c) Vitamin D
d) Superoxide dismutase
e) C and D
e) C and D
125
Activated neutrophils release superoxide radicals into tissue to mediate injury generated by which of the following?
a) Glutathione reductase
b) Glutathione peroxidase
c) Catalase
d) NADPH oxidase
e) Superoxide dismutase
d) NADPH oxidase
126
Which of the following is the best representation of the sequence of ischemia‐reperfusion injury following intestinal torsion and surgical correction?
a) ATP depletion followed by ATP generation
d) Increased free radical generation followed by synthesis of free radical scavengers
c) ATP depletion followed by increased free radical generation
d) Increased free radical generation followed by ATP depletion
c) ATP depletion followed by increased free radical generation
127
All of the following are considered major mechanisms of cell injury leading to cell death by necrosis or apoptosis EXCEPT:
a) Membrane misfolding
b) Rapid ATP depletion
c) Mitochondrial damage and dysfunction
d) Free radical damage
e) DNA damage
a) Membrane misfolding
128
Lysosomal digestion of the cells own cytoplasmic components occurs by?
a) Hypertrophy
b) Atrophy
c) Metaplasia
d) Hyperplasia
e) Autophagy
e) Autophagy
129
The mechanism of ascites (hydroperitoneum) in right‐sided heart failure is?
a) Increased hydrostatic pressure
b) Increased vascular permeability
c) Decreased oncotic pressure
d) Lymphatic obstruction
e) Sodium retention in renal disease
c) Decreased oncotic pressure
130
Which of the following mechanisms most likely explains edema fluid with high protein content?
a) Increased hydrostatic pressure
b) Increased vascular permeability
c) Decreased oncotic pressure
d) Lymphatic obstruction
e) Sodium retention in renal disease
b) Increased vascular permeability
131
Which of the following are changes seen in reversible cell injury?
a) Mitochondrial swelling
b) Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum
c) Cytoplasmic lipidosis
d) Apoptotic bodies
e) A, B, C
e) A, B, C
132
Which of the following are changes seen in necrotic cells?
a) Pyknosis and karyorrhexis,
b) Nuclear chromatolysis
c) Apoptotic bodies
d) A and B
e) A, B and C
d) A and B
133
Swelling of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum often accompanies
a) Apoptosis
b) Reversible cell injury
c) Necrosis
d) A and B
e) B and C
e) B and C
134
Apoptosis induced via the mitochondria pathway by hormone withdrawal or irradiation is also known as the?
a) Intrinsic pathway
b) Extrinsic pathway
a) Intrinsic pathway
135
Endothelial cell damage contributes to initiation of thrombosis via ?
a) Thromboplastic release
b) von Willebrand’s factor release
c) Thrombomodulin release
d) A and B
e) A, B and C
d) A and B
136
Which of the following pigments contributes to brown discoloration of tissue?
a) Hemosiderin
b) Bilirubin
c) Ceroid
d) A and B
e) A and C
d) A and B
137
Which of the following tissue pigments stains with acid fast stain?
a) Hemosiderin
b) Melanin
c) Lipofuscin
d) Bilirubin
c) Lipofuscin
138
Calcification of the aorta, lungs, kidney and stomach in an animal that died suddenly would raise your suspicion of?
a) Dystrophic calcification
b) Metastatic calcification
b) Metastatic calcification
139
Pin‐point to 1‐2mm hemorrhages are called?
a) Petechiae
b) Ecchymoses
c) Purpura
d) Paint‐brush hemorrhages
e) Shot‐gun hemorrhages
a) Petechiae
140
Changes in the vessel wall, changes in blood flow and hypercoagulability are components of?
a) Von Willebrand’s disease
b) Zahn’s Triangulum
c) Spock’s inverted triad
d) Rudolf’s longevity signs
e) Virchow’s triad
e) Virchow’s triad
141
Initiation of the intrinsic coagulation cascade due to vessel damage occurs when subendothelial collagen activates which of the following?
a) Tissue factor (thromboplastin)
b) Hageman factor (XII)
c) Thrombomodulin
d) Tissue plasminogen activator
e) Prothrombin
b) Hageman factor (XII)
142
Which of the following activate plasminogen to plasmin?
a) Tissue plasminogen activator
b) Kallikrein
c) Caspase 8
d) A, B
e) A, B, C
d) A, B
143
Postmortem venous blood clots are all of the following EXCEPT?
a) Red
b) Firm and friable
c) Attached to the vessel wall
d) A, B, C
e) B, C
e) B, C
