Exam 1 Flashcards
(223 cards)
1
Q
The scientific study of drugs concerned with all information about the effects of drugs on living systems
A
Pharmacology
2
Q
The scientific study of behavior
A
Psychology
3
Q
The subarea of pharmacology that concerns the effects of drugs on behavior
A
Psychopharmacology
4
Q
To understand how drugs affect behavior, knowledge of these two factors are also required
A
social and environmental factors
5
Q
World Health Organization’s 1981 definition of a drug
A
Any chemical entity or mixture or entities not required for the maintenance of health, but that alters biological function or structure when administered
6
Q
The action of a drug on the body
A
Drug effects
7
Q
Drugs that affect mood, thinking, and behavior
A
Psychoactive drugs
8
Q
People are most likely to abuse this type of drug
A
Psychoactive drugs
9
Q
6 ways to classify drugs
A
1) Origin
2) Therapeutic Use
3) Site of Drug Action
4) Chemical Structure
5) Mechanism of Action
6) Street Name
10
Q
An example of drugs characterized by origin:
A
Opiates
11
Q
An example of drugs characterized by therapeutic use:
A
Appetite-Suppressants (amphetamines, etc.)
12
Q
An example of drugs characterized by site of drug action:
A
Depressants
13
Q
An example of drugs characterized by chemical structure:
A
Barbiturates
14
Q
An example of drugs characterized by street name:
A
Speed (amphetamines)
15
Q
What causes the “drug experience?”
A
1) Pharmacological factors
2) Characteristics of the drug user
3) Setting in which a drug is used
16
Q
3 pharmacological factors
A
Chemical properties and action of the drug
Drug Dosage
Route of administration
17
Q
Measure of the quantity of the drug consumed
A
Drug dosage
18
Q
The way that drugs enter the body
A
Route of drug administration
19
Q
5 characteristics of the drug user
A
Genetic makeup Gender Age Drug Tolerance Personality
20
Q
An individuals knowledge, attitudes, expectations, and other thoughts about an object or event, such as a drug
A
Psychological set
21
Q
A chemically inactive substance
A
Placebo
22
Q
The three factors affect the setting in which a drug is used
A
Laws
Immediate physical environment
Presence of other people
23
Q
When one person regularly used more than one drug
A
Polydrug use
24
Q
How many past-month alcohol users used illicit drugs on occasion within two hours of alcohol use
A
6%
25
The most common illicit drug used in conjunction with alcohol
Marijuana
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Age range of people who use illicit drugs and alcohol together
12 to 25 year olds
27
Binge drinkers are how much more likely to report concurrent alcohol-illicit drug use
13.9%
28
Overall lifetime drug use is highest in
the United States
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Overall lifetime drug use is lowest in
Mexico
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Alcohol use is highest in these 6 countries
1) USA
2) Mexico
3) Canada
4) the Netherlands
5) Brazil
6) Germany
31
This drug has highest usage rates
Alcohol
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This is the second most prevalent drug
Cannabis
33
___ of crime-related costs are for drugs
58%
34
Alcohol abuse cost in USA in 2011
$235 billion
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Drug abuse cost in USA in 2011
$193 billion
36
Typically based on a cluster of symptoms that is given a name
Diagnosis
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published by the American Psychiatric Association
DSM
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Contains formal diagnostic systems of different mental illnesses or disorders
DSM
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Any consumption of alcohol or other drugs and related events that does not meet the criteria for dependence or abuse
Drug Use
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Overwhelming involvement with using a drug, getting an adequate supply of it, and having a strong tendency to resume use of it after stopping for a period
Addiction
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A strong or intense desire to use a drug
Craving
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The emotional state of craving a drug either for its positive effect or to avoid negative effects associated with its abuse
Psychological Dependence
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Increased amounts of a drug needed to achieve intoxication, or a diminished drug effect with continued use of the same amount of a drug
Tolerance
44
A definable illness that occurs with a cessation or decrease in use of a drug
Withdrawal
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A powerful motivator of drug use
Withdrawal
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A number of symptoms that occur together and characterize a specific illness or disease
Syndrome
47
Repeated use of a drug in interaction with environmental factors results in changes in the brain neural pathways that may heighten the reward value of that drug
Sensitization Hypothesis
48
Why has there been an increase in focus in prevention?
Because substance use has contributed to the spread of AIDS.
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Avoidance or alleviation of problems associated with substance abuse
Prevention
50
Three types of prevention
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
51
Social norms directly influence the use and abuse of psychoactive substances
Sociocultural Model
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3 basic components of the sociocultural model
1) Culture's normative structure
2) Integrate drinking into socially meaningful activities
3) Gradual socialization of drinking behavior
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Formed the sociocultural model
Rupert Wilkinson
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Is characterized by a low level of emotionalism about drinking
Sociocultural model
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Advocates for firm taboos on drunkenness
Sociocultural model
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Seeks to distinguish between drinking and drunkenness
Sociocultural model
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Says that drinking should be integrated in a broader social context
Sociocultural model
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Claims that society should only serve alcohol when food is present
Sociocultural model
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Is the sociocultural model widely applicable?
No
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Does not account for the value many attach to heavy drinking
Sociocultural model
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Does not accurately consider physical problems associated with alcohol
Sociocultural model
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Who formulated the distribution of consumption model?
French mathematician, Sully Ledermann in the 1950's
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3 propositions of the Distribution of Consumption Model
1) The proportion of heavy alcohol users is positively correlated with mean level of alcohol consumption.
2) Heavy alcohol consumption increases the probability of negative alcohol-related consequences.
3) Societies should attempt to reduce the negative consequences of alcohol consumption by restricting the availability of alcohol.
64
Purely descriptive and does not tell us why people drink or how environmental factors into drinking behavior
Distribution of Consumption Model
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"Normal" drinkers may react differently than "heavy" drinkers to reducing alcohol availability
Criticism of the Distribution of Consumption Model
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Issues of prohibition related to the distribution of consumption model
Bootlegging
| Home production
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Takes a moral stance
Proscriptive Model
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No use of the substance = No problem
Proscriptive Model
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Prohibition is an example which preventative model?
Proscriptive Model
70
Was popular in the 1930's and 40's and was directed at mass audiences
Proscriptive Model
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"Good" people do not use drugs
Proscriptive Model
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Has not made a significant contribution to the prevention of substance abuse problems
Proscriptive Model
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3 domains in the principles of drug use prevention
1) Risk factors and protective factors
2) Planning of prevention programs
3) Delivery of prenvention programs
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Education on drug prevention has been traditionally aimed at
adolescents and young adults
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Drug prevention education has recently been extended to
children
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Communications designed for widespread distribution, such as advertisements, films, and printed materials
Mass Media
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Widespread distribution of communications using television, radio, billboards, films, and printed materials
Mass Media
78
Examples of Mass Media campaigns
Just Say No
Cocaine: The Big Lie
Know When to Say When
Friends Don't Let Friends Drive Drunk
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Do interventions deter substance use?
Not always
80
More attention is focused on providing interventions for children during
early elementary school
81
What was the purpose of the Montana Meth project?
It was designed to reduce methamphetamine use
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Focused on children 12-17
Montana Meth project
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Characterized by graphic tv, radio, and billboard adds
Montana Meth project
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Increased enforcement and treatment availability
Montana Meth project
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Involves "values clarification" and decision making
Affect-Oriented Programs
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Provides students with strategies for making life choices and applying this to drug and alcohol use
Affect-Oriented Programs
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Goals of affect-orientated programs
To be aware of own feelings and attitudes about drugs.
| Deal effectively with drug-use situations according to their own values.
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Were popular in the 1970's and 80's
Affect-Oriented Programs
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Has alternative behaviors shown any significant benefits?
No.
90
Objective of alternative behaviors
Provide opportunities that have the same or more appeal than drug use.
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Learn to be aware of social influences that lead to drug use
Resistance-Skills Training
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Learn the skills to resist these influences
Resistance-Skills Training
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Positive indications for alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes
Resistance-Skills Training
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DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) is an example of
Resistance-Skills Training
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Disadvantages of worksite programs
Cost
| Concerns about confidentiality
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Advantages of worksite programs
1) Service to adults who are still functioning well.
2) Employees are a captive audience.
3) Employees do not have to travel to hear messages.
4) Employers benefiting employees improves morale.
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Most worksite programs focus on
secondary prevention
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Example of secondary prevention worksite program
EAP (Employee Assistance Program)
99
Worksite programs focused on primary prevention utilize
films, outside speakers, etc...
100
Intends to get employees with a problem to seek help
Primary prevention worksite programs
101
3 primary constituencies in college student programs
1) College students as individuals
2) Student population as a whole
3) The college and the surrounding community
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What percent of college students are heavy drinkers?
40%
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A heavy drinker is defined as
Someone who has had 5 or more drinks in a row in the past two weeks
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Skills training programs for college students as individuals or in small groups focuses on 4 things:
1) Training in blood alcohol level monitoring
2) Developing coping skills for high risk situations
3) Modifying expectations
4) Developing stress management skills
105
When a drug enters the blood stream
Absorption
106
The process by which the body breaks down matter into more simple components and waste
Metabolism
107
The transport of drugs by the blood to their sites of action in the body
Distribution
108
The branch of pharmacology that concerns the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs
Pharmacokinetics
109
The vehicle for pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics
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The branch of pharmacology that concerns the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action
Pharmacodynamics
111
Computed according to a person's body weight
Drug Dose
112
Refers to either the site where a drug is taken or how a drug is taken
Routes of Administration
113
Oral route of administration
Drugs are swallowed.
Pass through the stomach.
Absorbed primarily through the small intestines.
114
Advantages of oral routes of administration
Relative safety
Convenience
Economy
115
Subcutaneous injection
Injecting the drug under the layers of the skin.
Easiest injection site to use.
Beginner drug users.
116
When should subcutaneous injection not be used?
When it irritates the body tissue, or when large volumes of solution must be taken to introduce enough of the drug to achieve the desired effect.
117
Intramuscular Injection
"Within the muscle"
| Common sites: Deltoid, thigh, buttocks
118
Intravenous injection
"Into the veins"
"Mainlining"
Most highly associated with complications
"Hard-core addicts" (abusers of heroin, cocaine, or both)
119
Inhalation
Absorbed through the lung's membranes
Fast and effective absorption
Drugs are in small particles of matter that are suspended in a gas
120
Drugs that can be changed into gaseous states
Inhalants
121
3 inhalants
Benzene
Toluene
Naphtha
122
Intranasal
Taken through the nose
| Absorbed through the mucous membranes of the nose and the sinus cavities
123
Sniffing is a rapid effective way to absorb drugs that are
fat soluble
124
Sublingual
Drug placed under the tongue and dissolves in saliva
| Absorbed through the mouth's mucous membranes
125
Transdermal
"Through the skin"
Alternative to oral administration
Not always very effective
126
The rate and extend to which a drug leaves its site of administration, and it plays a major role in the drug experience
Drug Absorption
127
The portion of the original drug dose that reaches its site of action or that reaches a fluid in the body that gives the drug access to its site of action
Bioavailability
128
Areas that receive the most blood get the most drug.
Drug distribution
129
The more diffusible tissues receive the drug more rapidly
Drug distribution
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Drugs that contain this property are more likely to reach the brain
Fat solubility
131
To be eliminated, drugs have to be
Excreted directly, or first metabolized then the by-products further metabolized or by-products excreted
132
Drugs are eliminated through
feces, liver bile, mother's milk, the lungs, perspiration, etc.
133
Enzymes in the GI tract break down a drug to some degree.
| Therefore, less drug than was administered is eventually distributed to its site of action.
First-Pass Effect
134
Rate at which a drug is metabolized is independent of its concentration in the blood.
Zero-order kinetics
135
The amount of drug that is metabolized in a unit of time depends on how much drug is in the blood.
First-order kinetics
136
Time that must pass for the amount of drug in the body to be cut in half.
Half-life
137
What can be used for drug testing?
```
Urine
Blood
Sweat
Saliva
Hair
```
138
Drug testing can be highly accurate if it has a
Two step process with screening and a confrmatory test
High-quality specimen collection
Laboratory protocols are followed
139
A standard way of representing drug effects that result from taking different drug doses
Dose-Effect Curve
140
Vertical axis represents change we are interested in recording
Dose-Effect Curve
141
Horizontal axis represents the range of doses under investigation
Dose-Effect Curve
142
The average effect of each dose is plotted
Dose-Effect Curve
143
How much drug-dose changes before the effect gets larger
Slope
144
The peak of the dose-effect curve for a given effect
Efficacy
145
The minimum dose of a drug that yields its efficacy
Potency
146
Dose at which a given percentage of individuals show a particular effect of a drug
Effective Dose (ED)
147
The dose at which a given percentage of nonhumans die within a specified time
Lethal Dose (LD)
148
What is the difference between a drug's ED and LD
Small difference meaning danger of accidental death.
149
If the effect of one drug alter or modifies the effect of another drug, the two drugs have an
interaction
150
The effects of two drugs taken together are greater than the effects of taking either drug alone
Synergism
151
The diminished or reduced effect of a drug when another is present
Antagonism
152
The outside of the cell is
More positively charged than the inside
153
Sodium has a ____ charge.
+
154
Chloride has a ___ charge.
-
155
This ion is on the outside of the cell
Sodium
156
This ion is in the inside of the cell
Chloride
157
Sodium enters the cell and the charge of the cell becomes less negative
Depolarization
158
Positively charged ions enter the cell making the neuron more likely to fire.
Excitatory
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Negatively charged ions enter the cell making the neuron hyperpolarized and less likely to fire.
Inhibitory
160
Receptors that are coupled to ion channels and affect the neuron by causing those channels to open.
Ionotropic
161
"Fast receptors"
Ionotropic
162
Cause the release or activation of second messengers
Metabotropic
163
"Slow receptors"
Metabotropic
164
Relatively long lasting
Metabotropic
165
Open ion channels in the neuron
Metabotropic
166
Any substance that fits a receptor lock and activates it
Agonist
167
Drugs that enhance the activity of a particular neurotransmitter system
Agonist
168
Any substance that occupies a receptor and does not activate it, but prevents other substances from activating the receptor
Antagonist
169
Drugs that inhibit the activity of a particular neurotransmitter system
Antagonist
170
Can result in a reduction in the amount of neurotransmitter produced and released in affected neurons
Chronic drug use
171
The number of available receptor sites can be reduced
Chronic drug use
172
Affected pathway can become less sensitive to the drug and tolerance develops
Chronic drug use
173
Withdrawal symptoms occur when the drug is withheld
Chronic drug use
174
Resides in axon terminals of neurons that activate skeletal muscles
Acetylcholine
175
Release into neuromuscular junction when neuron fires
Acetylcholine
176
Causes muscle contraction
Acetylcholine
177
Important in sensory processing, attention, and memory
Acetylcholine
178
A disease characterized by severe muscle weakness and fatigue, cause by a blockage of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.
Myasthenia Gravis
179
Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are
Monoamines
180
Chemical structure contains a single amine group
Monoamines
181
Key chemical to mediate physical changes that accompany arousal.
Norepinephrine
182
Important to the regulation of hunger, alertness, and arousal
Norepinephrine
183
Important to the regulation of coordinated motor movements
Dopamine
184
Important to sleep regulation
Serotonin
185
Large molecules in the peptide family
Endorphins
186
Naturally occurring morphine (endogenous morphine)
Endorphins
187
2 amino acid neurotransmitters
GABA
| Glutamate
188
Most significant inhibitory transmitter in the brain
GABA
189
Most abundant of the excitatory neurotransmitters
Glutamate
190
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
GABA
191
Active chemical in marijuana mimics
Anandamide
192
One of the most recently discovered neurotransmitters
Anandamide
193
Parts of the hindbrain
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum
194
Controls breathing, heart rate, vomiting, swallowing, blood pressure, and digestion
Medulla oblongata
195
Plays a role in control of sleep and wakefulness
Pons
196
Runs along the Pons and through the medulla
Reticular activating system
197
Critical for alertness and arousal
Reticular activating system
198
Critical for motor control
Cerebellum
199
Activities involve balance, coordinated movement, and speech
Cerebellum
200
Parts of the midbrain
Inferior Colliculi
Superior Colliculi
Substantia Nigra
201
Midbrain structures that control sound localization
Inferior Colliculi
202
Midbrain structures that control visual localization
Superior Colliculi
203
Parkinson's develops when nerve cells degenerate in this region
Substantia Nigra
204
Parts of the forebrain
```
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Pathway
The Limboc System
Basal Ganglia
Cerebral Cortex
```
205
"Relay station"
| Receivers incoming sensory stimuli and then relays that information
Thalamus
206
Critical to motivation of behavior
Hypothalamus
207
Regulates eating, drinking, body temperature, aggression, and sexual behavior
Hypothalamus
208
The mesolimibic dopaminergic pathway is found in
The forebrain
209
Pleasure center
Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Pathway
210
Included the nucleus accumbens and travels trough the ventral regimental area all the way to the frontal cortex
Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Pathway
211
Rich in dopamine
Nucleus accumbens
212
Some believe dopamine is critical in producing the rewarding properties of a drug because
The nucleus accumbens is rich in dopamine
213
Amygdala and hippocampus
The Limboc System
214
Mediates aggression, fear, and other emotional responses
Amygdala
215
Critical to memory storage
Hippocampus
216
Included the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallius
Basal Ganglia
217
Critical for motor movements
Basal Ganglia
218
The cerebral cortex is composed of the
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
219
Visual projection area
Occipital Lobe
220
Specialized for auditory information and language
Temporal Lobe
221
Tactile stimuli are registered in the
Parietal Lobe
222
Responsible for movement initiation
Frontal Lobe
223
Involved with emotionality, intelligence, and personality
Frontal Lobe
