Exam 1 Flashcards
(242 cards)
1
Q
The study and treatment of male animals or humans
A
Andrology
2
Q
The branch of human medicine that deals specifically with reproductive tissues in women
A
Gynecology
3
Q
Branch of veterinary medicine that focuses on the reproductive systems in animals
A
Theriogenology
4
Q
The branch of reproductive physiology, veterinary medicine, and human medicine that specializes in the pregnant female before, during, and after parturition
A
Obstretics
5
Q
Human surgical specialty that focuses on the urinary tracts of males and females, and on the reproductive systems of males
A
Urology
6
Q
Hormones and drugs that manipulate reproductive functions in humans and animals
A
Pharmaceuticals
7
Q
What are pharmaceuticals designed to do?
A
Some are designed to enhance reproductive success, and some are designed to interfere with reproductive success
8
Q
The study of reproductive physiology began with _____ around 350 BC. What did he believe?
A
- Aristotle
- Believed the fetus arose from menstrual blood, and that conversion of menstrual blood to a fetus was initiated by a fluid deposited in the female during copulation
9
Q
_____ described the oviducts, also known as the fallopian tubes.
A
Fallopius
10
Q
_____ discovered and described the corpus luteum.
A
Coiter
11
Q
What did Regnier de Graaf discover and believe?
A
- Discovered and described the antral follicle
- Preovulator follicle is named after him (Graafian follicle)
- Used rabbits in his experiments, which ovulate after induced by copulation
- Believed the entire follicle was the egg
12
Q
What are animalcules and who discovered them?
A
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
- They are what he called small particles he observed moving around in semen
- They thought animalcules contained fully formed individuals
13
Q
_____ performed the first artificial insemination in dogs.
A
Spallanzi
14
Q
What did Dumas discover?
A
-Concluded that spermatozoa united with the ovum to produce an embryo using rabbits
15
Q
Where is the reproductive tract located in the cow, mare, camel, and other large mammals?
A
Directly beneath the rectum
16
Q
To _____ is to examine a part of the body by touch, especially for medical purposes.
A
Palpate
17
Q
How can you palpate the reproductive tract? Why would you palpate it?
A
- Through the rectum or ultrasound
- Analyze ovarian status
- Diagnose pregnancy
- Manipulate the tract for AI
- Recover the embryo for embryo transfer
- Identify abnormalities
18
Q
What are the tubular components of the female repro tract? What is the only non-tubular component?
A
- Oviducts
- Uterus
- Cervix
- Vagina
- Ovary
19
Q
From outermost layer to innermost, what are the distinct concentric layers of the female repro tract?
A
- Serosa
- Muscularis
- Submucosa
- Mucosa
20
Q
The serosa is the _____ layer of the female repro tract. It is made of ____ tissue, continuous with the ___ ____ (which is continuous with the _______), and is a _____ layer of _____ cells.
A
- Outermot
- Connective
- Broad Ligament
- Peritoneum
- Single
- Squamous
21
Q
The muscularis is made of ____ layers of ____ muscle. Describe the layers. Why are they configured this way?
A
- 2
- Smooth
- The first layer is configured longitudinally, and the inner layer is configured circularly.
- They are right angles to each other to squeeze. This allows them to transport things such as gametes, secretory products, embryos, or the fetus.
22
Q
The submucosa contains what three things? What does it support?
A
- Blood vessels
.2. Nerves - Lymphatic vessels
-Supports the mucosa
23
Q
The mucosa is the layer of epithelium that lines the _____.
A
Lumen
24
Q
The ____ is the connective tissue lining the body cavity.
A
Peritoneum
25
The repro tract and rectum of the female develops in a _____ way. Describe this.
- Retroperitoneal
- The repro tract and rectum develop dorsal to the peritoneum. As they develop, they drop down into the cavity and are surrounded by the peritoneum.
26
The peritoneum gives rise to the ____ ____ and _____.
- Broad Ligament
| - Serosa
27
What is the broad ligament composed of?
The mesovarium, mesosalpinx, and mesometrium
28
The ____ supports the ovary, and forms the ____ in the ovary.
- Mesovarium
| - Hilus
29
The mesosalpinx supports the ____. How is it different in the bitch?
- Oviduct
| - It forms a nearly complete ovarian bursa that hides the ovary from direct view
30
The _____ is the largest part of the broad ligament. It supports the _____.
- Mesometrium
| - Uterus
31
The ____ is the female gonad and primary sex organ.
Ovary
32
What are the functions of the ovary?
1. Provision of oocytes/gametes
| 2. Production of hormones, such as progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, and inhibin
33
What are the two components of the ovary? Describe them.
1. Cortex- the outer, functional portion where follicles develop, come to the surface, and ovulate
2. Medulla- The central portion of supportive tissue. It is made of dense connective tissue with nerves, vasculature, lymphatics and stroma
34
What are the 3 differences for mare ovaries?
1. The functional portion is the central portion, and the connective tissue is the outer portion
2. Ovulation occurs at the ovulation fossa
3. Surface (germinal) epithelium is confined to the ovulation fossa
35
True or False: Corpra Lutea can be palpated in the mare, while follicles cannot.
-False. Corpra lutea cannot, since they do not protrude from the ovarian surface, but into the the ovarian tissue
36
What are the two layers surrounding the ovaries?
1. Surface (germinal) epithelium which is a single layer surrounding the cortex
2. Tunica albuginea, which is a layer of connective tissue below the germinal epithelium
37
Where do blood vessels and nerves reach the ovary?
At the hilus, which is formed from the mesovarium
38
In cattle, sheep, and primates, the ovary is ____ in shape. In horses it is ___ shaped, and what does it look like in pigs?
- Ovoid
- Bean
- Cluster due to presence of many follicles or Corpra lutea
39
In birds, the oocyte is in a ____. The follicle also contains _____, but no ____ ____. Additionally, only the ____ ovary develops.
- Follicle
- Yolk
- Follicular fluid
- Left
40
The follicle is an ovarian structure that houses and maintains an ____. What is it filled with?
- Oocyte
| - Follicular fluid
41
A ____ ____ is a newly forming corpus luteum.
Corpus Hemorrhagicum
42
The corpus luteum means ___ ___. It is an ovarian structure that results from ____ of a follicle after ____. It is a source of ___ and _____. It does not form in ____.
- Yellow Body
- Luteinization
- Ovulation
- Progesterone
- Estrogen
- Birds
43
The corpus albicans means ____ ____. It is a non-functional, degenerating ___ ____ from previous ___ ____.
- White Body
- Corpus luteum
- Reproductive cycles
44
The oviduct is also called the ____ ____. What are the functions?
- Fallopian tube
- Fimbriae help transport the oocyte when it is released from the follicle
- Gamete transport (oocytes and sperm) to the site of fertilization
- Embryo transport to uterus
- Secretion of fluids and biochemicals to make a suitable environment for the gametes and provide a medium for transport
45
What are the four parts of the oviduct, starting closest to the ovary?
1. Infundibulum
2. Ampulla
3. Isthmus
4. Utero-Tubule Junction
46
The _____ is the opening of the oviduct near the ovary. What is it lined with? Why?
- Infundibulum
- Fimbriae- It is a fringe-like lining to transport ovulate eggs into the ampulla via smooth muscle contractions and beating cilia
47
The ____ is the dilated portion of the oviduct.
Ampulla
48
The ____ is the narrow portion of the oviduct that connects with the ____.
- Isthmus
| - Uterus
49
What is the utero-tubal junction?
Where the uterus connects to the isthmus
50
What are the four layers of the oviduct? The coordinated contractions of the ____ are important for moving gametes. What is the innermost layer like?
- Serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa
- Muscularis
- Mucosa: Columnar cells. Some are ciliated to help move the oocyte, and some are not for secretions
51
What are the three mechanisms the oviduct has for gamete/embryo transport?
1. Smooth Muscle contractions
2. Cilia
3. Secretions
52
The general anatomy of the uterus is made of a ___ and ____.
- Body
| - Horns
53
What is a simplex uterus like? What species is this found in?
- one cervix, no horns
| - Primates
54
What is a bicornuate uterus like? What species is this found in?
- one cervix, uterine body, two horns
| - Cat, dog, pig, cow, ewe
55
The bicornuate uterine body is especially prominent in the ____.
Mare
56
What is a duplex uterus like? What species is this found in?
- two cervices, no uterine body, horns
| - Rat, mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, opossum
57
What is a didelphic uterus like? What species have this?
- two vaginas, 2 cervices, 2 uterine horns, 1 vaginal canal
| - Sugar glider, opossums
58
What are the components of the uterine wall, from out to in?
-Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
59
The ____ is the outer layer of loose connective tissue of the uterus that is continuous with the _____ ____.
- Perimetrium
| - Broad Ligament
60
The mesometrium is the ____ layer of the uterus. It is made of smooth, involuntary muscle with ____ and ____ muscle layers. What does estrogen cause it to do? What does progesterone cause it to do?
- Muscular
- Longitudinal
- Circular
- Estrogen causes contractions that promote sperm transport
- Progesterone inhibits contractions and causes the uterus to be quiescent
61
The ___ is the inner layer of the uterus, composed of the ____ and _____. It makes up ____ thickness of the uterine wall.
- Endometrium
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- 2/3
62
The submucosa is a part of the ____ of the uterus. It is made of ____ _____ ____ and has ____ glands. What do these do?
- Endometrium
- Connective tissue stroma
- Endometrial: These open into the lumen and secrete uterine milk which support the early embryo
63
The ____ is the membrane lining of the uterus. In ruminants, what structure is apart of this? Describe them.
- Mucosa
| - Caruncles: Special areas of placental attachment where exhchange between the fetus and mom occur
64
The maternal carunlce plus the fetal cotyledon make up the _____.
Placentome
65
Uterine fluid, also called uterine ____, comes from uterine _____. What does it do?
- Milk
- Glands
- Provides nutrition for the early embryo
66
What are the four functions of the uterus?
1. Transport of sperm
2. Site of implantation and pregnancy
3. Provides the maternal component of the placenta
4. Parturition
67
The anterior end of the cervix is continuous with the ___ _____, and the posterior end protrudes into the ____ in many species, excluding the sow.
- Uterine body
| - Vagina
68
The cervix has a thick _____ wall and a constricted ____ due to inward ____.
- Muscular
- lumen
- Protrusions
69
What are the cervical inward protrusions of the cow and ewe like?
-Cervical/annular rings, which are interlocking ridges that form rings
70
What are the cervical inward protrusions of the sow like?
They are interdigitating prominences that form a corkscrew shape to accomodate the boar penis
71
The _____ _____ is a space between the protruding cervical wall and vaginal wall. The ____ does not have this.
- Fornix vagina
| - Sow
72
What are the cervical inward protrusions of the mare like?
-Cervical folds
73
What are the cervical inward protrusions of the bitch and queen like?
Not elaborate rings or folds
74
____ cells in the cervix secrete mucus. What influences the level of secretion?
- Goblet
- Estrogen, which is high at the time of ovulation, increases the quantity of mucus and decreases the viscosity to promote sperm transport
- Progesterone, which is present when the animal is not ovulating, decreases the quantity and increases the viscosity to form a barrier in the cervix
75
The hormone ____ causes the formation of a cervical plug.
-Progesterone
76
What are the seven functions of the cervix?
1. Sperm reservoir
2. Barrier to uterine infection
3. Cervical mucus lubricates the vagina during estrus
4. Flushing system
5. Dilates during parturition
6. Retains the fetus in the uterus
7. Barrier and passageway
77
How is the epithelial lining of the cranial and caudal areas of the vagina different?
Caudal: stratified squamous epithelium to protect against abrasions
Cranial: Columnar epithelium
78
What can vaginal smears be used to do?
-They can be used to monitor estrous cycles in some species
79
How is the anterior vagina separated from the vestibule?
- Muscular sphincter
| - Connective tissue hymen in virgin animals
80
What are the two regions of the vagina?
1. Anterior (cranial) vagina
| 2. Vestibule (posterior/caudal) vagina
81
The anterior part of the vestibule begins at the ___ ____, where the ____ comes through the floor.
- Urethral orifice
| - Urethra
82
The glands of ____ are vestibular glands that produce ____ during copulation. The heaviest secretion is during ____.
- Bartholin
- lubricant
- estrus
83
_____ fluid is made up of cervical and vaginal secretions. It is less ______ near ovulation or during estrus.
- Vaginal
| - Viscous
84
What are the 5 functions of the vagina?
1. Copulatory organ of the female
2. Site of semen deposition
3. Microorganisms and biochemicals help protect upper repro tract from infections
4. Excratory duct for secretions and urine
5. Birth canal
85
The external genitalia of the female is the ____ which consists of the ____ that open into the vestibule. The ventral portion contains the _____ which is made of erectile tissue and well-supplied with sensory nerve endings.
- Vulva
- Labia
- Clitoris
86
What is the stigma?
A line in the follicle of a bird that is devoid of blood vessels. The tissue breaks down here to release an oocyte.
87
The entire reproductive tract of the bird is made of the _____.
Oviduct
88
What is the site of fertilization in the bird? What is it in mammals?
- Infundibulum
| - Ampullary-isthmic junction
89
Where is the albumin added in the bird?
In the magnum
90
The ____ is the narrow portion of the oviduct in the bird where inner and outer shell membranes are added.
isthmus
91
Where is the shell added in the bird?
In the uterus, or shell gland
92
The cuticle, or mucous coating, is added to the egg at the ______. What does muscle in this area help do?
- Vagina
| - Helps push the egg out of the body
93
What are the parts of the oviduct in the bird?
1. Infundibulum
2. Magnum
3. Isthmus
4. Uterus/Shell Gland
5. Vagina
6. Cloaca
7. Vent
94
The _____ in female birds is the terminal chamber of the reproductive, digestive, an urinary systems The ____ is the opening of this part.
- Cloaca
| - Vent
95
Each spermatic cord runs through an ____ ____. What things does the spermatic cord provide a pathway for?
- inguinal canal
| - Vasculature, lymphatics, and nerves
96
What three things does the spermatic cord house?
1. Vas Deferens
2. Cremaster Muscle
3. Pampiniform plexus
97
The _____ _____ ______ is a connective tissue surrounding the testis, epididymis, and vas deferens that came from the floor of the body wall.
Parietal Vaginal Tunic
98
The _______ ______ is important in suspending the testis in the scrotum. It is made of mixed muscle cell fiber types, some of which can sustain contractions.
Cremaster Muscle
99
The ______ ______ is a contercurrent exchange of heat between veins and arteries supplying each testis.
Pampiniform plexus
100
The _____ is the sac that houses the testes.
Scrotum
101
What is the function of the scrotum?
Thermoregulation
102
For maximum sperm production, the testis should be ___ to ____ degrees cooler than body temperature.
8 to 10
103
What are the two layers of the scrotum?
1. Skin
| 2. Tunica dartos
104
How does the skin of the scrotum aid in thermoregulation?
1. Many sweat glands
2. Absence of subcutaneous fat
3. Temperature-sensitive nerve endings that motior the outside temperature
105
The _____ _____ is a flat, muscular sheet lining the scrotal skin that is important in temperature regulation. It is made of _____ ____ muscle and can maintain _____ ____.
- Tunica Dartos
- Smooth involuntary
- Sustained contractions
106
What are the seven main anatomical features that allow the testes to remain cool?
1. Cremaster muscle
2. Pampiniform Plexus
3. Sweat glands in scrotal skin
4. Absence of fat in scrotal skin
5. Tunica Dartos
6. Testis are in the scrotum, outside the body cavity
7. Temperature sensitive nerve endings in the scrotal skin
107
What are the two functions of the testis?
1. Spermatogenesis
| 2. Production of hormones such as testosterone
108
What are the two layers of the testis?
1. Tunica Albuginea
| 2. Mediastinum
109
Describe the tunica albuginea and mediastinum.
- Tunica Albuginea: Tough, thick, connective, supportive tissue layer that divides the functional part of the testis into lobules
- Mediastinum: Connective tissue core of the testis in the sheep, bull, and pig, but it is not centralized in the human and horse
110
Where are sperm produced?
Seminiferous tubules
111
What two things are seminiferous tubules lined with?
1. Sertoli cells
| 2. Spermatogenic cells
112
______ cells help sperm develop and mature. They are also called ____ cells. What is their other function?
- Sertoli
- Nurse
- Secretion of fluids for sperm transport
113
What are spermatogonia and where are they found?
They are primitive germ cells resting on the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules
114
What is the lineage of spermatogenic cells?
Spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatids, spermatozoa
115
What are seminiferous tubules surrounded by?
- A basement membrane where sertoli cells and spermatogonia rest
- Peritubular ells that are sigificant in transport
116
What do leydig cells do and where are they found?
They make testosterone. They are interstitial cells outside the seminiferous tubules
117
The _____ ____ are channels within the mediastinum that connect with seminiferous tubules and transport sperm to efferent ductules.
Rete Testis
118
The ______ ______ carry sperm from the rete testis to the eipididymis.
Efferent ductules
119
What are the four functions of the epididymis?
1. Transport of sperm from the efferent ductules to the vas deferens
2. Maturation of sperm
3. Storage of sperm
4. Absorption of fluid made by sertoli cells
120
What are the two main ways sperm mature in the epididymis?
1. Development of sustained progressive motility
| 2. Loss of cytoplasmic droplet
121
What is the anatomy of the epididymis like?
-It is a single, highly coiled duct with a head, body, and tail
122
The ____ of the eipididymis is where the efferent ductules connect. A lot of _____ occurs here to ____ sperm.
- Head
- Absorption
- Concentrate
123
The _____ of the epididymis is surrounded by smooth muscle. It joins the epididymis to the ____ _____. What is the main function of this region?
- Tail
- Vas Deferens
- Sperm storage (70% of sperm outside the testis is stored here)
124
What is the function of the vas deferens?
It is a straight tube with a thick muscular wall that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
125
What are unique features of the vas deferens?
They have thick muscular walls with three layers of smooth muscle. This helps contribute to the expulsion of semen during ejaculation.
126
Describe the anatomy of the vas deferens.
- Serosa, 3 muscular layers, then epithelial lining
| - Has an ampulla which is a dilation where the vas deferens join the urethra
127
The ampulla is prominent in which species? Which species is it absent in? What is it made of and what does it do?
- Stalllion
- Boar, cat, and rooster
- Made of glandular tissue that contributes to semen
128
What is the pathway of sperm?
Seminiferous tubules, rete testis in the mediastinum, efferent ductules, head, body, and tail of epididymis, vas deferens, spermatic cord, pelvic urethra, penile urethra
129
The accessory glands in the male repro system are _____ glands. They are absent in _____. Development and maintenance of them depends on ____, such as _____.
- Exocrine
- Birds
- Androgens
- Testosterone
130
What is the function of the accessory sex glands?
They contribute to semen composition, including a liquid vehicle for sperm transport, a medium for sperm that is rich and electrolytes and nutrients to keep sperm fertile, and coagulates and plugs the cervix after ejaculation
131
What is the order of accessory sex glands, from the vas deferens to the urethra?
Seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral gland
132
The seminal vesicles are ____ near the vas deferens. They empty their secretions into the ____ ____. What is their function?
- Paired
- Pelvic urethra
- To make fluid that adds bulk and nutrients, such as fructose, to the ejaculate
133
The ____ is a single, unpaired gland located near where the vas deferens enter the urethra. It is disseminate in _____, and has disseminate components in ____ and _____.
- Prostate
- Sheep
- Bulls
- Boars
134
The prostate is the only accessory sex gland in the ____. It surrounds the urethra in ____ and ____. It is H-shaped with two lateral lobes in the _____. It is _____ shaped in the boar and lies between the seminal vesicles.
- Dog
- Dog and human
- Stallion
- Heart
135
What is the function of the bulbourethral gland?
- It lubricates the urethra
| - In boars, it adds a gel-like component that forms a cervical plug in bred females
136
The bulbourethral gland are _____ and small in rams, bulls, and stallions and buried under the ______ and ____ muscles. In _____, they are large.
- Paired
- bulbospongiosus
- Ischiocavernosus
- Boars
137
What is the function of the urethra?
To carry urine and sperm to the urethra to be secreted
138
The urethra originates at the _____, passes through the prostate in ____ and _____, and receives secretions from the _____ _____ _____ and _____ ____.
- Bladder
- Dogs
- Humans
- Accessory Sex Glands
- Vas Deferens
139
The pelvic urethra is surrounded by the ____ _____. What do contractions of this do?
- Urethralis muscle
| - Move semen into the penile urethra
140
What is the function of the penis?
To transport and deposit sperm into the female during copulation
141
What are the three regions of the penis?
1. Root
2. Body
3. Glans
142
The ____ is the base of the penis. It is attached to the ____ is domestic farm animals and covered by the _____ muscle.
- Root
- Pelvis
- Ischiocavernosus
143
At the root of the penis is the _____, which gives rise to erectile tissue.
-Crus
144
Most penile length is in the ____ region. Under the surface epithelium is _____ ____, which is a connective tissue support.
- Body
| - Tunica Albuginea
145
The _____ ______ is ventral erectile tissue. The _____ runs through it. It is enlarged at the base of the penis and covered by ______ ______.
- Corpus Spongiosum
- Urethra
- bulbospongiosus muscle
146
The ____ _____ is dorsal erectile tissue. It is derived from the ____ of the penis at the root.
- Corpus cavernosum
| - Crura
147
The ____ is the free end of the penis where the urethra ends. It is heavily populated with what? It is analogous to the ____ in females, and ____ is a primary factor in initiating mechanisms of ejaculation.
- Glans
- Sensory Nerve Endings
- Clitoris
- Stimulation
148
What are the two types of penises, and what species have each?
- Fibroelastic: bull, boar, ram
| - Vascular: Humans, stallions, dogs, cats
149
The fibroelastic penis has a dense _____ _____ and the _____ _____ is composed of dense connective tissue.
- Tunica Albuginea
| - Corpus Cavernosum
150
The dense connective tissue of the corpus cavernosum in the fibroelastic penis is associated with the ____ ____, which is an S curve of the penis. It the relaxed state, it _____ the length of the penis, which is accomplished by the _____ _____ muscle on either side of the penis.
- sigmoid flexure
- shortens
- Retractor Penis
151
In the vascular penis, the ____ ____ is less dense, as well as the _____ ____. It has large cavernous spaces in the erectile tissue, and erection is largely due to what?
- Tunica albuginea
- Corpus Cavernosum
- Engorgement with blood
152
True or False: The stallion and dog have a vascular penis type, so they do not have a retractor penis muscle.
False, they still have the retractor penis muscle to keep the non-erect penis within the sheath
153
The _____ is a fold of tissue covering the free end of the non-erect penis. What happens to it when the penis is erect? Is it present in humans?
- Prepuce
- It folds inside out
- No, due to circumcision
154
What is the preputial diverticulum? What species is it present in?
- It accumulates semen, urine, and dead epithelial cells
| - Present in the boar, to contribute to his odor
155
The _____ is the outer skin covering of the preputial segment of the penis.
Sheath
156
True or False: All domestic farm species have a scrotum.
False, roosters do not because their sperm remain viable at body temperature
157
In roosters, there are ___ testes. The ____ is small, flat, and not as well developed as it is in mammals. The ____ is the main storage site of sperm, and carries the sperm from the epididymis to the papilla. Each vas deferens ends in a small bump inside the cloaca called the _____. THese serve as _____ organs.
- Two
- Epididymis
- Vas Deferens
- Papillae
- Mating
158
In roosters, ejactulation can be stimulated by applying pressure to the ___ ____.
Vas Deferens
159
The scrotum is pendulous in the ____, ____ and ____. It is semipendulous in the ______. It is close to the body and more caudal in the ____, ____ and ____, and absent in the ____.
- Dog, Bull, Ram
- Stallion
- Boar, cat, rat
- Bird
160
Seminal vesicles are absent in the ____, _____, and ____.
-Dog, cat, and bird
161
The bulbourethral gland is absent in the ____ and ____.
Dog and bird
162
The glans penis of the ram has a ____ _____. The urethral process is also present in the ____ and ____. In the dog, the _____ ____ expands greatly during erection and is called the _____ _____.
- Filiform Appendage
- Bull and stallion
- Corpus cavernosum
- Bulbus glandis
163
The penis of the _____ has spines that are ____ dependent. They promote ____.
- Spines
- Androgen
- Ovulation
164
The ____ ____ is the bony process in the penis of the dog and cat. It aids in stiffening during an erection.
-Os Penis
165
The sigmoid flexure is found in the ____, _____ and _____.
Bull, boar, and ram
166
The ____ ____ is also called the hypophysis. It secretes a variety of hormones, some of which influence other ______ _____ to make and secrete hormones. It is located in the _____ ____, a concavity of the sphenoid bone of the skull.
- Pituitary Gland
- Endocrine Glands
- Sell Turcica
167
The ____ is a part of the brain that is in close proximity to the pituitary gland.
Hypothalamus
168
What two sources is the pituitary derived from?
1. Neural tissue in the floor of the brain
| 2. Rathke's pouch, an outpocketing of the roof of the mouth
169
_____ is a description of parts.
Anatomy
170
What are the functional divisions of the pituitary gland? Which can make hormones?
1. Neurohypophysis
| 2. Adenohypophysis (makes hormones)
171
What are the anatomical divisions of the pituitary gland?
The posterior and the anterior pituitary
172
The _____ ____ is a protuberance from the base of the hypothalamus. It consists of clusters of nerve cell bodies called _____ _____.
- Median Eminence
| - Hypothalamic nuclei
173
The _____ lobe of the pituitary does not contain nerves. It produces a variety of hormones, such as ____ and ____, that are not produced by nerve cells.
- Anterior
- FSH
- LH
174
The ____ lobe of the pituitary contains axons and nerve terminals. It secretes things such as ____ and _____ _____. ______ stimulation can cause the release of these.
- Posterior
- Oxytocin
- Antidiuretic hormone
- Nerous
175
Do the anterior or posterior pituitary make hormones? Do the anterior or posterior pituitary release hormones?
- Make: Anterior
| - Secrete: both
176
What are three hypothalamic nuclei that influence reproduction? What hormone are they important in releasing?
1. Paraventricular Nucles (oxytocin)
2. Surge Center (GnRH)
3. Tonic Center (GnRH)
177
_____ _____ _____ migrate from the base of the hind gut region to the gonadal ridge is prenatal development of the repro system
Primordial Germ cells
178
What gender is the SRY gene found in? What does it do?
- Males
- On the Y chromosome and codes for SRY protein
- SRY protein causes vigorous proliferation of the sex cords and causes them to deeply penetrate into the medulla of the primordial gonad
179
In males, SRY expression is restricted to what cells?
Those of the primitive sex cords
180
Primitive sex cords surround and house ____ ____. What do they become in males?
- Germ Cells
| - Sertoli cells and form seminiferous tubules
181
True or False: Females also express the SRY protein.
False, they have no Y chromosome so they have no SRY gene
182
Because of the absence of the SRY protein in females, what happens to the primitive sex cords in the medulla, cortex, and what do they become?
- Medulla: Degenerate
- Cortex: Fragment and surround each gamete. Here, they become granulosa cells and surround germ cells to form primordial follicles
183
____ ____ develop in the cortex of the ovary. They are the least developed follicle.
Primordial follicle
184
In males, the _____ becomes the supportive tissue and the ____ becomes the functional tissue. In females, the ______ becomes the supportive tissue and the ______ becomes the functional tissue.
- Cortex
- Medulla
- Medulla
- Cortex
185
The ______ reproductive ducts are associated with the embryonic kidney.
Wollfian
186
What are the three types of Wollfian ducts and describe them.
1. Pronephros: Non-functional, early kidney
2. Mesonephros: Functions in the embryo to produce urine that drains into the mesonephric duct
3. Metanephos: Develops into the adult kidney
187
The ______ reproductive ducts are present in the undifferentiated embryo and will _____.
- Mullarian
| - Regress
188
Fetal _____ from the developing testes stimulate the development and differentiation of the _____ ducts.
Wollfian
189
_____ ____ hormone, made by ____ cells, cause regression of the mullarian duct in developing males.
- Anti-Mullarian
| - Sertoli
190
Developing females have the absence of _____ ____ hormone, allowing the _____ ____ to develop. Because they have an absence of androgens, the ____ ducts regress.
- Anti-Mullerian
- Mullerian ducts
- Wollfian
191
Does a primate or pig have greater fusion of Mullerian ducts?
Primate, because they don't uterine horns
192
Describe the descent of the testis in development.
- Descend from the abdomen to the internal inguinal ring
- Through the internal inguinal ring and into the inguinal canal
- Into scrotum
193
What is gubernaculum?
Attachment of the tail of the epididymis to the scrotum. It plays a role in descent of the testis and prevents rotation of the testes and twisting of the spermatic cord.
194
During descent, what surrounds blood vessels, muscles, nerves, and ducts that connect the testes to the abdomen?
Peritoneal tissue
195
Failure to descent is called _____.
Cryptorchidism
196
How do accessory sex organs and genitalia develop?
5a reductase is an enzyme present in primordial external genetalia in males and females. It catalyzes the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, or DHT. This occurs at the target tissue. DHT is more potent testosterone that stimulates the formation of masculine external genitalia. Absence of DHT results in feminine external genitalia.
197
Reproduction is regulated by an interplay between the _____ system and the ______ system. These make up the _______ system.
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Neuroendocrine
198
The _____ system translates external stimuli into neural signals that trigger change in reproductive organs and tissues.
Nervous
199
What are the functional components of the simple neural reflex and neuroendocrine reflex?
1. Afferent Neuron
2. Spinal Cord
3. Efferent Neuron
4. Target Tissue
200
_____ neurons are sensory neurons that pick up external signals and carry them to the spinal cord. ______ neurons leave the spinal cord and innervate target tissues.
- Afferent
| - Efferent
201
What is involved in a simple neural reflex?
1. Afferent neurons (sensory neurons) synapse directly with interneurons in the spinal cord
2. Interneurons synapse with efferent neurons that innervate the target tissue
3. The efferent neurons release neurotransmitters that the target tissue responds to
202
______ ______ _______ employs nerves that release neurotransmitters directly onto the target tissue.
Simple Neural Reflex
203
What are neurotransmitters?
A substance of small molecular weight that is released from the nerve terminals of a neuron
204
What do neurotransmitters do if they are released to another nerve? What if they are released to smooth muscle?
- Nerve: Cause it to fire, or inhibit a response
| - Muscle: Contraction or relaxation
205
The ______ reflex cause a release of hormones by a neuron that go directly into the blood stream.
Neuroendocrine
206
A _____ is a hormone produced by a neuron. A ______ is a chemical substance that is transmitted by the bloodstream to a distant target tissue.
- Neurohormone
| - Hormone
207
To be a hormone, it must enter the _______ and act on a _____ target tissue.
- Bloodstream
| - Remote
208
What is involved in a neuroendocrine reflex?
1. Afferent (sensory) neurons synapse with interneurons in the spinal cord
2. Interneuons synapse with efferent neurons
3. Efferent neurons synapse with neurons in the hypothalamus
4. Hypothalamic neurons release neurohormones into the bloodstream, which then travels to remote target tissue
209
The ______ is a neural control center for reproductive hormones with clusters of nerve cell bodies called _____ _____.
- Hypothalamus
| - Hypothalamic nuclei
210
Neurons in what hypothalamic nuclei produce GnRH?
- Surge Center
| - Tonic Center
211
Neurons in what hypothalamic nuclei produce oxytocin?
Paraventricular nucleus
212
Describe the vasculature of the anterior pituitary?
It is a portal system. Blood is supplied by the superior hypophyseal artery. The blood flows through the primary capillary plexus found in the median eminence. Blood then flows to the secondary capillary plexus, which is in the anterior pituitary. Blood exits through the hypophyseal veins.
213
Describe the process of GnRH secretion.
- GnRH-secreting neurons are located in the tonic center and surge center. The nerve terminals lie adjacent to capillaries within the median eminence. When GnRH is released, it is picked up in the bloodstream by these capillaries
- GnRH comes into the pituitary through capillaries and are delivered to cells
214
Name two reasons that the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system is important.
1. Provides a quick, direct route
| 2. Higher concentration of hormone from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
215
True or False: There are portal systems in both the anterior and posterior
False, only the anterior pituitary has the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
216
How are neurohormones sent to the posterior pituitary?
Cell bodies of neurons are in the hypothalamic nuclei, but the nerve terminals are in the posterior pituitary. Neurohormones released from the neurons are deposited directly into capillaries in the posterior lobe.
217
Hormones interact with _____ tissues or organs that are ______. They cause ______ effects. Additionally, ______ quantities can cause dramatic effects.
1. Specific
2. Remote
3. Specific
4. Small
218
What are four examples or conventional hormones? What are two examples of neurohormones?
- Conventional: LH, FSH, testosterone, estrogen
| - Neurohormones: GnRH, Oxytocin
219
In the male, as testosterone increases in the blood, GnRH _______, LH and FSH _______, and testosterone production ______. This is an example of _______ feedback.
- decreases
- decreases
- decreases
- Negative
220
In the female, as estrogen increases in the blood, GnRH from the tonic center ______, LH and FSH _______, and Estrogen production from follicles _______. This is an example of ______ feedback.
- Decreases
- Decreases
- Decreases
- Negative
221
In the female, as estrogen increases in large amounts to exceed a threshold, GnRH from the surge center ________, and LH ______. This causes _____ and is an example of _____ feedback.
-Increases
-Increases
-Ovulation
Positive
222
The _____ is the source of neurohormones.
Hypothalamus
223
How is the structure of LH and FSH similar and different?
Both have the same alpha subunit, but the beta subunit is different and confers specificity
224
______ is a precursor of steroid hormones.
Cholesterol
225
______ converts testosterone to estrogen.
Aromatase
226
Name 3 steroid hormones made by the gonads.
1. Estrogen
2. Testosterone
3. Progesterone
227
______ is an estrogen derived from testosterone.
Estradiol
228
What hormone can be used to synchronize estrous? why?
- PGF2a
| - Causes the CL to regress
229
If _____ ______ _______ is in the urine of a woman, she may be pregnant.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
230
Fat soluble hormones being transported in the blood are bound to _____ _____. Are there more bound or free? What is the active form?
- Plasma Proteins
- More bound than free
- Free is the active form
231
What is an example of a fat soluble hormone?
Steroid
232
Water soluble hormones being transported in the blood are only in the ____ state. What are some examples of water soluble hormones?
- Free
| - Gonadotropins, proteins, glycoproteins
233
Receptors pass through the membrane of a cell ____ times. They are _____ or _____, found in the ____, ______, or ______ of a cell, and bind _____.
- 7
- Proteins, glycoproteins
- Membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
- Specifically
234
Receptors have a high ______ for their binding molecule.
Affinity
235
What are three similarities and differences between an agonist and antagonist?
- Both typically bind to the same receptor as a particular hormone
- Agonists promote the action of that hormone
- Antagonists block or reduce the action of that hormone
236
Describe the steroid hormone fast response mechanism of action.
- Steroid molecules bind to receptors in the cell membrane
- Transformation of the G protein and activation of adenylate cyclase
- Adenylate cyclase catalyses ATP to cAMP
- cAMP binds to the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A, causing dissociation and activation of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A
237
Give an example of a steroid hormone manifestation of the fast response.
The fast response of estrogen on the myometrium is to cause changes in calcium channel permeability to increase myometrial smooth muscle contractions
238
Describe the steroid hormone slow response mechanism of action.
- Lipid soluble hormone enters the cell
- Binds to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus
- The receptor is activated, and the hormone receptor complex assocates with a specific gene or genes
- The production of specific mRNA's for protein synthesis is stimulated or inhibited
- The resulting protein carries out a biologial response
239
Give an example of slow response steroid hormones?
- Estradiol stimulating mucus secretion in the female tract
| - Progesterone causing uterine gland secretion
240
What are the three patterns of hormone secretion?
1. Episodic
2. Basal
3. Sustained
241
If hormones are excreted, the ____ accomplishes this. Many are inactivated by the _____ prior to excretion.
- Kidneys
| - Liver
242
Hormones have relatively _____ half-lives.
Short
