Exam 1 Flashcards
The study and treatment of male animals or humans
Andrology
The branch of human medicine that deals specifically with reproductive tissues in women
Gynecology
Branch of veterinary medicine that focuses on the reproductive systems in animals
Theriogenology
The branch of reproductive physiology, veterinary medicine, and human medicine that specializes in the pregnant female before, during, and after parturition
Obstretics
Human surgical specialty that focuses on the urinary tracts of males and females, and on the reproductive systems of males
Urology
Hormones and drugs that manipulate reproductive functions in humans and animals
Pharmaceuticals
What are pharmaceuticals designed to do?
Some are designed to enhance reproductive success, and some are designed to interfere with reproductive success
The study of reproductive physiology began with _____ around 350 BC. What did he believe?
- Aristotle
- Believed the fetus arose from menstrual blood, and that conversion of menstrual blood to a fetus was initiated by a fluid deposited in the female during copulation
_____ described the oviducts, also known as the fallopian tubes.
Fallopius
_____ discovered and described the corpus luteum.
Coiter
What did Regnier de Graaf discover and believe?
- Discovered and described the antral follicle
- Preovulator follicle is named after him (Graafian follicle)
- Used rabbits in his experiments, which ovulate after induced by copulation
- Believed the entire follicle was the egg
What are animalcules and who discovered them?
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
- They are what he called small particles he observed moving around in semen
- They thought animalcules contained fully formed individuals
_____ performed the first artificial insemination in dogs.
Spallanzi
What did Dumas discover?
-Concluded that spermatozoa united with the ovum to produce an embryo using rabbits
Where is the reproductive tract located in the cow, mare, camel, and other large mammals?
Directly beneath the rectum
To _____ is to examine a part of the body by touch, especially for medical purposes.
Palpate
How can you palpate the reproductive tract? Why would you palpate it?
- Through the rectum or ultrasound
- Analyze ovarian status
- Diagnose pregnancy
- Manipulate the tract for AI
- Recover the embryo for embryo transfer
- Identify abnormalities
What are the tubular components of the female repro tract? What is the only non-tubular component?
- Oviducts
- Uterus
- Cervix
- Vagina
- Ovary
From outermost layer to innermost, what are the distinct concentric layers of the female repro tract?
- Serosa
- Muscularis
- Submucosa
- Mucosa
The serosa is the _____ layer of the female repro tract. It is made of ____ tissue, continuous with the ___ ____ (which is continuous with the _______), and is a _____ layer of _____ cells.
- Outermot
- Connective
- Broad Ligament
- Peritoneum
- Single
- Squamous
The muscularis is made of ____ layers of ____ muscle. Describe the layers. Why are they configured this way?
- 2
- Smooth
- The first layer is configured longitudinally, and the inner layer is configured circularly.
- They are right angles to each other to squeeze. This allows them to transport things such as gametes, secretory products, embryos, or the fetus.
The submucosa contains what three things? What does it support?
- Blood vessels
.2. Nerves - Lymphatic vessels
-Supports the mucosa
The mucosa is the layer of epithelium that lines the _____.
Lumen
The ____ is the connective tissue lining the body cavity.
Peritoneum
The repro tract and rectum of the female develops in a _____ way. Describe this.
- Retroperitoneal
- The repro tract and rectum develop dorsal to the peritoneum. As they develop, they drop down into the cavity and are surrounded by the peritoneum.
The peritoneum gives rise to the ____ ____ and _____.
- Broad Ligament
- Serosa
What is the broad ligament composed of?
The mesovarium, mesosalpinx, and mesometrium
The ____ supports the ovary, and forms the ____ in the ovary.
- Mesovarium
- Hilus
The mesosalpinx supports the ____. How is it different in the bitch?
- Oviduct
- It forms a nearly complete ovarian bursa that hides the ovary from direct view
The _____ is the largest part of the broad ligament. It supports the _____.
- Mesometrium
- Uterus
The ____ is the female gonad and primary sex organ.
Ovary
What are the functions of the ovary?
- Provision of oocytes/gametes
2. Production of hormones, such as progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, and inhibin
What are the two components of the ovary? Describe them.
- Cortex- the outer, functional portion where follicles develop, come to the surface, and ovulate
- Medulla- The central portion of supportive tissue. It is made of dense connective tissue with nerves, vasculature, lymphatics and stroma
What are the 3 differences for mare ovaries?
- The functional portion is the central portion, and the connective tissue is the outer portion
- Ovulation occurs at the ovulation fossa
- Surface (germinal) epithelium is confined to the ovulation fossa
True or False: Corpra Lutea can be palpated in the mare, while follicles cannot.
-False. Corpra lutea cannot, since they do not protrude from the ovarian surface, but into the the ovarian tissue
What are the two layers surrounding the ovaries?
- Surface (germinal) epithelium which is a single layer surrounding the cortex
- Tunica albuginea, which is a layer of connective tissue below the germinal epithelium
Where do blood vessels and nerves reach the ovary?
At the hilus, which is formed from the mesovarium
In cattle, sheep, and primates, the ovary is ____ in shape. In horses it is ___ shaped, and what does it look like in pigs?
- Ovoid
- Bean
- Cluster due to presence of many follicles or Corpra lutea
In birds, the oocyte is in a ____. The follicle also contains _____, but no ____ ____. Additionally, only the ____ ovary develops.
- Follicle
- Yolk
- Follicular fluid
- Left
The follicle is an ovarian structure that houses and maintains an ____. What is it filled with?
- Oocyte
- Follicular fluid
A ____ ____ is a newly forming corpus luteum.
Corpus Hemorrhagicum
The corpus luteum means ___ ___. It is an ovarian structure that results from ____ of a follicle after ____. It is a source of ___ and _____. It does not form in ____.
- Yellow Body
- Luteinization
- Ovulation
- Progesterone
- Estrogen
- Birds
The corpus albicans means ____ ____. It is a non-functional, degenerating ___ ____ from previous ___ ____.
- White Body
- Corpus luteum
- Reproductive cycles
The oviduct is also called the ____ ____. What are the functions?
- Fallopian tube
- Fimbriae help transport the oocyte when it is released from the follicle
- Gamete transport (oocytes and sperm) to the site of fertilization
- Embryo transport to uterus
- Secretion of fluids and biochemicals to make a suitable environment for the gametes and provide a medium for transport
What are the four parts of the oviduct, starting closest to the ovary?
- Infundibulum
- Ampulla
- Isthmus
- Utero-Tubule Junction
The _____ is the opening of the oviduct near the ovary. What is it lined with? Why?
- Infundibulum
- Fimbriae- It is a fringe-like lining to transport ovulate eggs into the ampulla via smooth muscle contractions and beating cilia
The ____ is the dilated portion of the oviduct.
Ampulla
The ____ is the narrow portion of the oviduct that connects with the ____.
- Isthmus
- Uterus
What is the utero-tubal junction?
Where the uterus connects to the isthmus
What are the four layers of the oviduct? The coordinated contractions of the ____ are important for moving gametes. What is the innermost layer like?
- Serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa
- Muscularis
- Mucosa: Columnar cells. Some are ciliated to help move the oocyte, and some are not for secretions
What are the three mechanisms the oviduct has for gamete/embryo transport?
- Smooth Muscle contractions
- Cilia
- Secretions
The general anatomy of the uterus is made of a ___ and ____.
- Body
- Horns
What is a simplex uterus like? What species is this found in?
- one cervix, no horns
- Primates
What is a bicornuate uterus like? What species is this found in?
- one cervix, uterine body, two horns
- Cat, dog, pig, cow, ewe
The bicornuate uterine body is especially prominent in the ____.
Mare
What is a duplex uterus like? What species is this found in?
- two cervices, no uterine body, horns
- Rat, mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, opossum
What is a didelphic uterus like? What species have this?
- two vaginas, 2 cervices, 2 uterine horns, 1 vaginal canal
- Sugar glider, opossums
What are the components of the uterine wall, from out to in?
-Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
The ____ is the outer layer of loose connective tissue of the uterus that is continuous with the _____ ____.
- Perimetrium
- Broad Ligament
The mesometrium is the ____ layer of the uterus. It is made of smooth, involuntary muscle with ____ and ____ muscle layers. What does estrogen cause it to do? What does progesterone cause it to do?
- Muscular
- Longitudinal
- Circular
- Estrogen causes contractions that promote sperm transport
- Progesterone inhibits contractions and causes the uterus to be quiescent
The ___ is the inner layer of the uterus, composed of the ____ and _____. It makes up ____ thickness of the uterine wall.
- Endometrium
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- 2/3
The submucosa is a part of the ____ of the uterus. It is made of ____ _____ ____ and has ____ glands. What do these do?
- Endometrium
- Connective tissue stroma
- Endometrial: These open into the lumen and secrete uterine milk which support the early embryo
The ____ is the membrane lining of the uterus. In ruminants, what structure is apart of this? Describe them.
- Mucosa
- Caruncles: Special areas of placental attachment where exhchange between the fetus and mom occur
The maternal carunlce plus the fetal cotyledon make up the _____.
Placentome
Uterine fluid, also called uterine ____, comes from uterine _____. What does it do?
- Milk
- Glands
- Provides nutrition for the early embryo
What are the four functions of the uterus?
- Transport of sperm
- Site of implantation and pregnancy
- Provides the maternal component of the placenta
- Parturition
The anterior end of the cervix is continuous with the ___ _____, and the posterior end protrudes into the ____ in many species, excluding the sow.
- Uterine body
- Vagina
The cervix has a thick _____ wall and a constricted ____ due to inward ____.
- Muscular
- lumen
- Protrusions
What are the cervical inward protrusions of the cow and ewe like?
-Cervical/annular rings, which are interlocking ridges that form rings
What are the cervical inward protrusions of the sow like?
They are interdigitating prominences that form a corkscrew shape to accomodate the boar penis
The _____ _____ is a space between the protruding cervical wall and vaginal wall. The ____ does not have this.
- Fornix vagina
- Sow
What are the cervical inward protrusions of the mare like?
-Cervical folds
What are the cervical inward protrusions of the bitch and queen like?
Not elaborate rings or folds
____ cells in the cervix secrete mucus. What influences the level of secretion?
- Goblet
- Estrogen, which is high at the time of ovulation, increases the quantity of mucus and decreases the viscosity to promote sperm transport
- Progesterone, which is present when the animal is not ovulating, decreases the quantity and increases the viscosity to form a barrier in the cervix
The hormone ____ causes the formation of a cervical plug.
-Progesterone
What are the seven functions of the cervix?
- Sperm reservoir
- Barrier to uterine infection
- Cervical mucus lubricates the vagina during estrus
- Flushing system
- Dilates during parturition
- Retains the fetus in the uterus
- Barrier and passageway
How is the epithelial lining of the cranial and caudal areas of the vagina different?
Caudal: stratified squamous epithelium to protect against abrasions
Cranial: Columnar epithelium
What can vaginal smears be used to do?
-They can be used to monitor estrous cycles in some species
How is the anterior vagina separated from the vestibule?
- Muscular sphincter
- Connective tissue hymen in virgin animals
What are the two regions of the vagina?
- Anterior (cranial) vagina
2. Vestibule (posterior/caudal) vagina
The anterior part of the vestibule begins at the ___ ____, where the ____ comes through the floor.
- Urethral orifice
- Urethra
The glands of ____ are vestibular glands that produce ____ during copulation. The heaviest secretion is during ____.
- Bartholin
- lubricant
- estrus
_____ fluid is made up of cervical and vaginal secretions. It is less ______ near ovulation or during estrus.
- Vaginal
- Viscous
What are the 5 functions of the vagina?
- Copulatory organ of the female
- Site of semen deposition
- Microorganisms and biochemicals help protect upper repro tract from infections
- Excratory duct for secretions and urine
- Birth canal
The external genitalia of the female is the ____ which consists of the ____ that open into the vestibule. The ventral portion contains the _____ which is made of erectile tissue and well-supplied with sensory nerve endings.
- Vulva
- Labia
- Clitoris
What is the stigma?
A line in the follicle of a bird that is devoid of blood vessels. The tissue breaks down here to release an oocyte.
The entire reproductive tract of the bird is made of the _____.
Oviduct
What is the site of fertilization in the bird? What is it in mammals?
- Infundibulum
- Ampullary-isthmic junction
Where is the albumin added in the bird?
In the magnum
The ____ is the narrow portion of the oviduct in the bird where inner and outer shell membranes are added.
isthmus
Where is the shell added in the bird?
In the uterus, or shell gland
The cuticle, or mucous coating, is added to the egg at the ______. What does muscle in this area help do?
- Vagina
- Helps push the egg out of the body
What are the parts of the oviduct in the bird?
- Infundibulum
- Magnum
- Isthmus
- Uterus/Shell Gland
- Vagina
- Cloaca
- Vent
The _____ in female birds is the terminal chamber of the reproductive, digestive, an urinary systems The ____ is the opening of this part.
- Cloaca
- Vent
Each spermatic cord runs through an ____ ____. What things does the spermatic cord provide a pathway for?
- inguinal canal
- Vasculature, lymphatics, and nerves
What three things does the spermatic cord house?
- Vas Deferens
- Cremaster Muscle
- Pampiniform plexus