Exam 1

Question 1

Merriam’s Three-Part Model for Musical Analysis

Answer 1

1. Sound
2. Practices
3. Beliefs/Conceptions

Question 2

Musical Universals

Answer 2

• all societies have (something that sounds to us like) music
• all societies have singing
• all societies use music in religious rituals
• all societies have musical genres
• all societies have musical units (works, songs, ect.)

Question 3

Monophony

Answer 3

features 1 single melodic line

Question 4

Homophony

Answer 4

features multiple melodic lines moving at the same time

Question 5

Polyphony

Answer 5

features multiple independent melodic lines (round)

Question 6

Monody

Answer 6

features 1 melodic line w/ accompaniment

Question 7

Heterophony

Answer 7

features multiple voices w/ the same melodic contour and very slight variations

Question 8

5 Instrument Types

Answer 8

1. Chordophones - sound produced by strings
2. Aerophones - sound produced by air
3. Membranophone - instrument w/ a membrane (drums)
4. Idiophones - sound produced by instrument itself
5. Electrophones - sound is produced electronically

Question 9

Dravidian

Answer 9

Prominent language in South India (majority of the pop. in S. India)
Other languages in S. India include: Hindi & English

Question 10

Hindustani Music

Answer 10

North Indian classical music

• sitar
• tabla
• harmonium
• violin
• tambura (drone)
• sruti box (drone)

Question 11

Karnatak Music

Answer 11

South Indian classical music

• veena
• mridangam (drum)

Question 12

Cultural Evolutionism

Answer 12

the theory that all cultures evolve on a single track from simple to complex, from primitive to modern, and worse to better

Question 13

Enthnocentrism

Answer 13

the belief that your own perspectives/values are universal

Question 14

Vedic Period

Answer 14

1700-500 BCE

• Aryans
  
  • Sanskrit
  • Vedas

Question 15

British Colonialism

Answer 15

1858-1947

- Industrial Revolution = mechanization & division of labor

Question 16

Raga

Answer 16

~ scale & associated characteristics

• pitches/svara (radiating self)
• sargam syllables
• ornamentation/ gamaka
• phrases
• extramusical associations

Question 17

Cultural Relativism

Answer 17

the proposition that there is no single, universal, scientific, or objective criteria for evaluating cultural practice or musical quality

Question 18

Alap

Answer 18

Hindustani Music

• slow
• ametric
• improvisation in raga

Question 19

Gat-Tora

Answer 19

song form in Hindustani Music

• tabla
• tala (meter)

Question 20

Jhala

Answer 20

free, virtuosic improvisation

Question 21

Alapana

Answer 21

Karnatak Music

• slow
• ametric
• improvisation in raga

Question 22

Kriti

Answer 22

Song form in Karnatak Music

• tata
• mridangam (percussion)
• precomposed text & music

Question 23

Common Features of African Music

Answer 23

• rhythmic complexity (polyrhythms)
• interlock
• dense, overlapping texture
• descending melodic lines
• call & response
• cyclical, open-ended form
• ostinatio
• community participation (present in many, but not all)
• core & elaboration parts
• improvisation

Question 24

Shona Instruments

Answer 24

• mbira

- hosho

Question 25

Syncretism

Answer 25

``` the process of combining distinct cultural practices to create new cultural practices CAUSES FOR SYNCRETISM: - colonialism - mass production of instruments - mass media - nationalist movements - World Beat ```

Question 26

Kora

Answer 26

W. African instrument w/ 21 strings

Question 27

African Independence Movements

Answer 27

The African Independence Movements took place in the 20th century, when a wave of struggles for independence in European-ruled African territories were witnessed

Question 28

Central African Forest Peoples

Answer 28

- small-scale hunter-gatherer community | - music is a socialized activity

Question 29

Shona of Zimbabwe

Answer 29

- have bira (spirit possession ceremony) | - have more call & response and community participation

Question 30

Qawwali

Answer 30

genre of Sufi Muslim music popular throughout N. India & Pakistan - uses harmonium & tabla - involves singing of Persian poetry

Question 31

When did India gain independence?

Answer 31

1947

Question 32

Aryans

Answer 32

relating to or denoting a people speaking an Indo-European language who invaded northern India in the 2nd millennium BC, displacing the Dravidian and other aboriginal peoples.

Question 33

Jùjú

Answer 33

form of Nigerian popular music associated w/ the Yoruba people - combines electric instruments w/ indigenous drums

Question 34

Chimurenga

Answer 34

word in the Shona language, roughly meaning "revolutionary struggle"