Exam 1

Question 1

What is development?

Answer 1

Change over time

Question 2

Continuous? Discontinuous?

Answer 2

non-stop; staggered, starts-stops, stage-like

Question 3

What does Plato believe?

Answer 3

Innate; genes

Question 4

What does Aristotle believe?

Answer 4

learned; environment

Question 5

Rousseau?

Answer 5

Stockpile of knowledge at birth.

Question 6

Locke?

Answer 6

Tabula rasa

Question 7

What is a theory?

Answer 7

organized set of ideas that is designed to explain and make predictions about development.

Question 8

Biological theory?

Answer 8

Genetic plan, evolution predicts behavior

Question 9

Psychodynamic theory?

Answer 9

Freud, internal conflicts cause change

Question 10

Behavioral/learning theory?

Answer 10

punishment/reward, conditioning drives development

Question 11

Cognitive theory?

Answer 11

Piaget; dynamic, mental process

Question 12

Contextual/sociocultural theory?

Answer 12

Cultural environment, social relationships drive behaviors

Question 13

What is Neurogenisis?

Answer 13

cell migration, cell differentiation

Question 14

when does neurogenisis end?

Answer 14

at birth

Question 15

What is neural darwinism and who supported it?

Answer 15

Edelman; natural selection, survival of the fittest, evolution (ex: embryo’s hand plate)

Question 16

What is epigenisis?

Answer 16

the emergence of new structures and forms during the development process.

Question 17

what is embryology?

Answer 17

the study of prenatal development

Question 18

when does reproduction begin?

Answer 18

when the egg is released from the ovaries into the fallopian tube

Question 19

what is conception?

Answer 19

union of gametes (sperm and egg)

Question 20

what is one genetic disorder?

Answer 20

Down Syndrome (child carries an extra chromosome).. Huntington’s disease (nerve cells in the brain-basal ganglia region-begin to break down)

Question 21

What does transformation occur through?

Answer 21

cell division - grow and divide
cell migration - move
cell differentiation - specialization
cell death (apoptosis) - unneeded cells die

Question 22

What is a zygote? timeline? location?

Answer 22

union of sperm and egg (fertilized egg)
conception until implantation (~2 weeks)
traveling down fallopian tube

Question 23

What is an embryo? timeline? location?

Answer 23

inner cell mass, after implantation
3rd-8th week
implementation in the uterine wall

Question 24

what is a fetus? timeline? location?

Answer 24

9th week on considered fetus, but better rate of survival outside of the womb closer to 21st week

Question 25

what does cephalocaudal mean and what's the development?

Answer 25

head to body; areas near the head develop at a more rapid pace than those farther away.

Question 26

Touch? Taste? Smell? Sight? Hearing?

Answer 26

touch-grasping, bumping, rubbing, sucking taste-sweet tooth, swallows amniotic fluid smell-amniotic fluid, whatever mom ate sight-none hear-reacts to internally and externally generated sounds by 6 m/o; change in <3/movement; low tones penetrate through skin and rhythm

Question 27

What is meant by sensitive/critical?

Answer 27

period of development in which certain structures or processes are particularly susceptible to interfering factors.

Question 28

What is habituation used for?

Answer 28

Paradigm for testing kids

Question 29

3 parts of the brain? what is their purpose?

Answer 29

1. hindbrain-*develops first, biggest*-needed for breathing, circulation.. 2. midbrain- .> 3. forebrain-grows significantly, becomes dominant-needed for thought, motor abilities

Question 30

Two Hemispheres? Control?

Answer 30

Left- language, verbal abilities right- art, spatial, math *operate contra-laterally*

Question 31

What are the 4 lobes? What do they do?

Answer 31

frontal- speech production, complex thinking, movement, personality, executive control parietal- perception of touch, spatial perception occipital-behind frontal-vision and visual perception temporal-back of brain-perception of objects, auditory perception, language comprehension, face perception

Question 32

what is experience expectant plasticity? Example?

Answer 32

normal wiring of the brain as a result of general experiences (needed) -visual input, binocular cue

Question 33

what is experience dependent plasticity? example?

Answer 33

wiring in brain that will NOT result unless a particular experience occurs. (Not needed) -music, monkey fingers, multilingual speaker, prenatal vision

Question 34

Is plasticity important?

Answer 34

YES!

Question 35

What is sensation?

Answer 35

sensory receptors responding to information from the external world. (biological response)

Question 36

what is perception?

Answer 36

organizing and interpreting sensory information about objects, events, and spatial layout of the world.

Question 37

Habituation is a way to what?

Answer 37

Study perception in infants.

Question 38

What is another way to study perception in infants?

Answer 38

Preferential looking

Question 39

Infant vision...

Answer 39

birth-scanning, poor focus 2-3 months- tracking 4 months- depth perception, perceptual constancy 8 months- visual acuity, vision near adult levels

Question 40

What is the disappearing reflex?

Answer 40

Newborns have stepping reflex until about 2 months of age.. the reflex disappears and the child's feet drag until about 12 months

Question 41

When is walking stable?

Answer 41

about 13 months (average)