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ANA 611 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of the axial skeleton?

A
  1. support 2. movement 3. protection
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2
Q

What is the large flat piece of tendon associated with large flat muscles (ie. latissiumus dorsi, trapezius)?

A

aponeurosis

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3
Q

PAID for sternocleidomastoid

P.- proximal attachment

A.- Action

I.- Innervation

D.- distal attachment

A

P- mastoid process

A- unilateral contraction: head tilt to opposite side, bilateral: head flexion

I- CN XI, Accessory nerve

P- manubrium and inferior border clavicular head

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4
Q

What happens when an intervertebral disk is compressed and herniates?

A

The nucleus (jelly center) is pushed dorsally into the IVF (ligaments along ventral edge are too tough to push through), which impinges on one or both roots . depending on vertebral region , will cause numbness, pain, parathesia in different regions.

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5
Q

PAID for Levator scapulae

P.- proximal attachment

A.- Action

I.- Innervation

D.- distal attachment

A

P- transverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae

A- scapular elevation

I- dorsal scapular nerve

D- medial superior border of scapula

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6
Q

What is the spinal nerve composed of?

A

formed by union of ventral (motor) and dorsal (sensory) roots, therefore is a mixed nerve.

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7
Q

Where does the spinal cord exit the skull?

A

At the foramen magnum of the occipital bones of the skull

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8
Q

In ventral roots, visceral motor fibers innervate which types of muscles?

A

smooth, cardiac, and glands

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9
Q

How many sectional planes are there, and describe each

A

3 1. Frontal- anterior (ventral) /posterior (dorsal) 2. Sagittal (median)- left/right. parasagittal 3. Transverse- top and bottom

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10
Q

Bones in the vertebral arch?

A

pedicle, lamina, vertebral body

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11
Q

How many vertebra in each region along spine?

A

Cervical-7 Thoracic- 12 Lumbar-5 Sacral- 5 (fused) Coccygeal (4)

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12
Q

How many spinal enlargements are there, vertebral region, and why are they enlarged?

A

-2 - Cervical C4-T1 and Lumber L2-L3 - Enlargements represent increased neuronal density/activity as they supply the upper and lower limbs through the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses, respectively

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13
Q

What is the Conus Medullaris and its function?

A

located just below the lumbar enlargement, CM is a narrowing cone shaped area at the lumbar vertebral region that houses the Filum Terminale.

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14
Q

what extensions help anchor the SC to the dura mater ?

A

Denticulate ligaments

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15
Q

How many layers are there of superficial back muscles, and what muscles are contained in each?

A

2

Superficial extrinsic- trapezius, latissimus dorsi

deep extrinsic- levator scapulae, rhomboids (major and minor)

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16
Q

During a lumbar puncture procedure, 1. where is this performed, 2. why there?

A
  1. Below L-2 and the CM in the subarachnoid space. 2. injecting into the cauda equina minimizes and almost eliminates risk of puncturing the SC.
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17
Q

Function of Costal and demifacets?

A

attachment points of respective rib to costal and demifacet.

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18
Q

What components make up the CNS?

A

Brain and spine cord

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19
Q

Which nerves are located in the posterior triangle, and what type are they?

A

4 of 5 are cutaneous sensory nerves.

1 of 5 is mixed (sensory + motor)

Sensory only: supraclavicular, transverse cervical, great auricular, lesser occiptal

Senory + Motor: CN XI/Accessory nerve

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20
Q

What are the general type of muscles of the back?

A

superficial

intermediate

deep

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21
Q

What bones are contained in the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, Rib cage, vertebral column

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22
Q

In ventral roots, somatic motor fibers innervate which type of muscles?

A

skeletal , originating from neurons in the anterior horn.

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23
Q

What type of neurons do the dorsal horns contain in gray matter?

A

Sensory

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24
Q

PAID for Latissimus Dorsi

P.- proximal attachment

A.- Action

I.- Innervation

D.- distal attachment

A

P- lower thoracic spinous processes, iliac crest, inferior 3-4 ribs

A- adducts, internally rotates, and extends the arm at the glenohumeral joint

I- thoracodorsal nerve

D- anterior floor of the intertubercular groove of humerus

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25
What are spinal ganglions and where are they located?
collection of neurons OUTSIDE the CNS in the IVF. ; atypical morphology in that their long axon can be divided into two parts along the cell body.
26
Where is the cervical plexus located, and its name?
Erb's point, located along posterior border of SCM
27
How many different type of processes are in a typical vertebra? Describe their functions
3 1.Spinous process- movement; many muscle attachments. 2. Articular- \*superior, movement, movement of vertebrae against one another. 3. Transverse- movement; "wings" muscle attachment
28
How and where do vertebrae associate and connect to one another?
Via a synovial joint along the inferior articular process of one vertebra and superior articular process of the adjacent vertebra
29
What is the Cauda Equina and its function?
"horse tail" - dorsal and ventral SN roots of the inferior segments of the conus medullaris that extend to their respective IVF; this includes the Filum Terminale
30
What is the difference in white and gray matter?
White matter is composed of bundles of ascending or descending myelinated fibers (think white sheath) Gray matter is composed of neuronal cell bodies and glial cell bodies
31
True or False: A patient with the varicella zoster virus will exhibit a generalized rash.
False: The shingles virus usually follows a specific dermatome, which appears as a band or small strip; along one side of the body or face
32
P.A.I.D. for Trapezius P.- proximal attachment A.- Action I.- Innervation D.- distal attachment
P- cervical and thoracic spinous processes of spine A- superior fibers: scapular elevation, middle fibers: scapular retraction, inferior fibers: scapular depression I- Innervation: Accessory nerve (CN XI) D- clavicle, acromion, scapular spine
33
Draw/label cross section of vertebral column
insert pic
34
What are the borders of the posterior triangle?
anterior: posterior border of SCM base: superior border of clavicle posterior: anterior border of the trapezius roof: deep cervical fascia floor: prevertebral fascia
35
How does the spinal cord receive its blood supply?
longitudinally by 1 anterior SA and two posterior SAs; supplemented by segmental arteries at each vertebral level
36
Which muscle is a key landmark of the neck for dividing it into two triangles and their names?
SCM anterior and posterior triangles
37
What type of neurons are contained in the intermediate grey matter?
interneurons and sympathetic neurons (ie. intermodeiolateral cell column (IML)
38
The vertebral column consists of how many vertebrae?
33
39
Where do MOST spinal nerves exit their respective vertebrae? which one are typical? how so? (hint: 2 oddities)
-Thoracic and lumbar SNs exit BELOW vertebrae. - 1. There are 7 cervical vertebrae, but 8 cervical SNs. 2. Cervical SNs exit ABOVE the vertebrae.
40
What does the film terminale do?
single filament that extends from conus medullaris through the middle of the caudal equina to attach to the coccyx.
41
what is contained within the intervertebral foramen and where is it located?
comprised of the inferior vertebral notch, spinal nerve (and DRG), and superior vertebral notch. located on either side of vertebral body and just below the articular process
42
What is the Filum Terminale?
"end filament" - single extension of the Pia mater/SC from CM that terminates at the coccyx, via the filum terminale externum (coccygeal ligament)
43
What type of neurons do the ventral horns contain?
motor
44
PAID for Rhomboids P.- proximal attachment A.- Action I.- Innervation D.- distal attachment
P- transverse processes of cervical vertebrae A- scapular retraction I- dorsal scapular nerve D- medial border of scapula
45
Which back muscles are extrinisic, and what does that mean?
superficial and intermediate extrinsic muscles are those that connect the axial skeleton to the appendicular
46
Name/describe the meninges; superficial to deep
1. dura mater (outermost)- hard outer covering of SC that extends to S2 level. 2. arachnoid membrane- avascular membrane depth the DM extends also to S2. subarachnoid space filled with CSF where SC floats 3. pia mater. single cell layer thick, adherent to SC.
47
Where is anesthesia placed for females in active labor?
In the epidural lumbar space under L2
48
Define anatomical position.
Standing erect with palms facing forward.
49
Which back muscles are intrinsic, and what does that mean?
deep back muscles intrinsic muscles are those that connect axial to axial skeletons
50
What vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate in adults and infants?
L1-L2 in adults L3 in infants
51
What structures are used as landmarks to locate the brachial plexus deep in the posterior triangle?
The middle and anterior scalene muscles
52
When viewed from a SUPERIOR view, what are the anterior, medial, and posterior borders of the axilla?
Anterior: clavicle medial: rib 1 posterior: scapula
53
From a SUPERIOR view, what muscles form the anterior, posterior, and medial walls of the axilla?
Anterior: pectoralis major, minor Posterior: subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, and teres major Medial: serratus anterior, intercostals
54
What artery is associated with the brachial plexus as it passes through the axilla, and what is the name of the bp as it does so?
axillary artery, cords
55
what landmark of the upper limb is used to denote the name change of the axillary artery to the brachial a?
lower border of the teres major
56
The axillary artery is divided into how many parts, and what muscle overlaps?
3, pectorialis minor
57
How many divisions are there in the divided axillary artery, and what is a good tip to remembering this?
3 divisions The number of divisions is equal the number of branches in each division.
58
What nerve innervates the levator scapulae and rhomboids minor and major?
dorsal scapular (C5)
59
What connective structure forms and separates the forearm compartments (2)?
Invaginations of the antebrachial fascia and interosseous membrane
60
What does the antebrachial fascia do?
Surrounds the forearm with a thick connective tissue that protects all the structures in the forearm, along with separating the FA into anterior and posterior compartments
61
What is the major innervator for the flexor/anterior compartment of the forearm, with a few exceptions?
Median nerve
62
P.A.I.D. for Pronator Teres
P: medial epicondyle A: pronates wrist I. median n. D.: Radius
63
P.A.I.D. for Flexor carpi radialis
P.: medial epiondyle A.: flexes wrist, aBducts hand I. median n. D.: 2nd metacarpal
64
P.A.I.D. for Palmaris longus
P.: medial epicondyle A.: flexes wrist, tenses palmar aponeurosis I.: median n. D. palmar aponeurosis
65
P.A.I.D. for Flexor carpi ulnaris
P.: medial epicondyle A.: adDucts wrist, flexes wrist I. ulnar n. D.: 5th metacarpal, hook of hamate, pisiform
66
P.A.I.D. for Flexor digitorum superficialis
P- medial epicondyle A- flexes proximal and middle phalangeal joints, digits 2-5 I- median n. D.- middle phalangeal joints of digits 2-5
67
P.A.I.D. for Brachioradialis
P: lateral epicondyle A: flexes forearm I: radial n. D: styloid process of radius
68
What anterior compartment muscles of the forearm are superficial?
Pronator teres flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris palmaris longus flexor digitorum superficialis brachioradialis\*- can be in either anterior or posterior compartments
69
What anterior compartment muscles of the forearm are in the deep group?
flexor digitorum profundus flexor pollicis longus pronator quadratus
70
What posterior compartment muscles of the forearm are in the supeficial group?
extensor carpi radialis longus extensor carpi radialis brevis extensor digitorum extensor digiti minimi extensor carpi ulnaris
71
What are two structures that keep the long tendons of the hand in place? Hint: they act much like the flexor retinaculum in the wrist.
1. Osseofibrous tunnel over each finger 2. synovial membrane bands that are attached both close to tendon attachments (DIP,PIP,MCP), but also proximally vincula breve, vinculum longum
72
What posterior compartment extensor muscles of the forearm belong to the deep group?
Supinator abductor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis extensor pollicis longus extensor indicis
73
What are the major blood vessels of the forearm? proximal to distal- stop before hand
Brachial artery bifurcates to 1. radial a. (lateral) 2. Ulnar a. (medial) 1. Common interosseous a. 1. Anterior interosseous a 2. Posterior interosseous a. (dives through IM ligament gap
74
What innervates the flexor compartment of the forearm?
Median nerve except for 2; Ulnar n. : flexor carpi ulnaris and 1/2 flexor digitorum profundus
75
What innverates the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Radial nerve
76
Which 3 muscles form the anatomical snuff box?
extensor pollicis longus ext. pollicis brevis abductor pollicis brevis
77

ANA 611 (1 decks)

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