Exam 1 Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
Key features of the
adaptive immune system
A
2
Q
The adaptive immune response is __________
A
specific: unique antigen receptors cap of recog antigens of specific microbe
diverse: # antigens vitually limitless - lots of different antigen receptors
3
Q
down side to having such a diverse repertoire of antigens
A
number of cells capable of recognizing any one antigen is fairly small
solution? clonal expansion
- Daughter cells bare antigen receptor identical to that expressed by the parent cell.
4
Q
“Clonal Selection” hypothesis
A
- Lymphocyte clones specific for different antigens develop before encounter with these antigens.
- Antigen recognition triggers the expansion of lymphocytes of a specific clone.
- Thereby specifically increasing the number of cells capable of recognizing/fighting the current infection.
5
Q
Once the infection is cleared, the adaptive response ….
A
declines (contracts), however, long lived memory cells remain
6
Q
Long-lived memory cells allow for …
A
more rapid and enhanced response upon reencounter with antigen
7
Q
At 15 months of age, a child received a measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. At age 22, she is living with a family in Mexico that has not been vaccinated and she is exposed to measles. Despite the exposure, she does not become infected. Which of the following properties of the adaptive immune system is illustrated in this scenario?
A.Self Tolerance
B.Diversity
C.Specialization
D.Memory
E.Specificity
A
Memory
8
Q
All lymphocytes are morphologically similar
true/false
A
true!
no difference!
9
Q
how can different kinds of lymphocytes ID?
A
unique surface proteins
CD (cluster of differentitation) numerial disgnation
detect CD molecules using antibodies
10
Q
The most common method used to detect the presence of bound antibody is a technique called
A
flow cytometry
11
Q
CDs of
B cells
T cells
NK cells
A
B: 19, 20, 21
T: 2,3
- CD4: 4
- CD8: 8
NK: 16, 56
12
Q
B cell function
A
mediate humoral immunity: prod antibodies
- recognize soluble antigens
- present antigens on surface –> activates B cell
- naive T and B cells rise to effector cells (plasma for B)
- produce soluble antibodies with the same specificity as the membrane bound Ag receptor
- antibodies combat: neutralize, phago, complement sys
13
Q
A
Activated effector B cell (Plasma cell)
large cytop: abundant mito & RER –> prod antibody
14
Q
T cell function
A
detect antigens derived from foreign proteins or pathogens that have entered into host cells
T cells recognize small fragments of the antigen that have been broken down and presented by antigen presenting cells
- APC captures Ags –> breakdown
- fragment presented to T cell via MHC (major histocompatability complex)
- TCR (t-cell antigen receptor): recog fragment presented –> activates T-cell
- cell mediated imunity
15
Q
CD4 antigen recognization and effector function
A
microbial antigen presented by APC
activ macrophages, inflammation, activ T and B lymphocytes
16
Q
CD8 antigen recognition, effector functions
A
infected cell expressing microbial antigen
killing infected cell
17
Q
CD4/CD25 lymphocytes
A
regulatory
suppressing of immune response
18
Q
CD16/CD56 lymphocytes
A
NK
killing of infected cell
19
Q
B and T cell development
A
both origin from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
maturation:
- b = bone marrow
- t = thymus
upon release, they are mature –> circulate b/w blod and peripheral lymph organs for antigen response
20
Q
T lymphocytes
naive cell
activated/effector
memory
Ig isotype
affinity of IG produced
effection functions
A
21
Q
b cell deficiencies
A
abnormalities:
- absent/reduced follicles & geminal centers in lymphoid organs
- reduced serum Ig levels
consequences:
- pyrogenic bac infections
- enteric bacterial and viral infections
22
Q
t cell deficiencies
A
abnormalities:
- reduced T cell zones in lymophoid tiss
- reduced DTH rxns to common antigens
- defective prolif response to mitogens in vitro
consequences:
- viral/intracell microbial infections
- p. jiroveci
- atyp mycobac
- fungi
- virus associated malignancies
- EBV assoc lymphoma
23
Q
innate immune deficiencies
A
abnormalities:
- variable
consequences:
- pyrogenic bac & viral infections
24
Q
Memory cells are derived from…
purpose?
A
antigen stimulated lymphocytes
surv long periods of time in absence of antigens
repond rapidly to reappearnce of pathogen in higher #s compared to naive state( primary respnose)
- enhanced secondary response
25
Antigen Presenting Cells play a critical role in the activation of
T cells.
26
Dendritic cells (DCs)
the most important APC
reside in the tissues most commonly used as portal of entry for pathogens
* skin, mucosal tissues
capture protein antigens of microbes --\> carry to reginal lymphoid tissues for T-cell presentation
27
follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)
display antigens that stimulate the activation/differentiation of B cells.
28
A 2 year old boy is evaluated for a immunodeficiency disease. He appears to have a normal number of CD3+ cells, however, there are no CD19+ cells found in the blood or peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes). Which of the following cell types is this boy deficient in?
A.B cells
B.CD4 T cells
C.CD8 T cells
D.NK cells
E.Neutrophils
A.B cells
29
Consider the 2 year old boy in the previous case found to be deficient in CD19+ cells. Which of the following capabilities would this child’s immune system lack?
A.The presentation of antigen by MHC molecules
B.The recognition of antigen derived from an intracellular pathogen
C.The mobilization of neutrophils during the first few hours of an infection
D.The production of antibody against extracellular pathogens
E.The maintenance of the epithelial barrier
A.The production of antibody against extracellular pathogens
30
“fourth modality of cancer treatment”
Immunotherapy
next to chemo, radiation, sx
31
Innate immunity
Cellular and biochemical defense mechanisms in place before infection - rapid response
limits infections before adaptive
32
Adaptive immunity
shaped by exposure to infectious agents
increases in magnitude and defensive capabilities with each successive exposure
33
Features of innate immunity
Also called native, natural immunity
* epithelial barriers
* Present from birth
In place prior to infection --\> responds rapidly to infection
* no memory, ie, it is not any faster after second exposure
Is involved in the triggering and amplifying the adaptive immune response
Can be activated by molecules released from damaged or necrotic cells
Does not respond to structures present on normal host cells
34
Features of adaptive immunity
adapts to infection
pathogen-specific immunity
* tailored to the specific type of infection
Enhanced by repeated exposure= = memory!
Often use the cells and molecules of the innate immune system to eliminate microbes
35
The cellular mediators of the innate and adaptive immune systems are derived from...
a common hematopoietic stem cell.
36
Neutrophil
Bloodstream, 1,800-7,800/ml
Multilobed nucleus, small pink granule
Short-lived
Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms
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Monocyte
Bloodstream, 0-900/ml
Bean-shaped nucleus
CD14 positive
•Phagocytosis, recruited to sites of inflammation, differentiate into tissue macrophages
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Macrophage
Tissues
Ruffled membrane,cytoplasm with vacuoles and vesicles
CD14 positive
Phagocytose microbes, dead cells,
secrete cytokines
present antigen
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Dendritic cell
Epithelial, tissues
Long cytoplasmic arms
Antigen capture, transport and presentation
40
Mast cell
Tissues, mucosa, & epithelia
Small nucleus, cytoplasm packed with large blue granules
Release of granules containing histamine, etc., during allergic responses, anti-helminth responses
41
Eosinophil
Bloodstream, 0-450/ml, some in the epithelial tissues
Bilobed nucleus, large pink granules
Killing of antibody-coated parasites
42
Basophil
Bloodstream, 0-200/ml
Bilobed nucleus, large blue granules
Nonphagocytic, release
pharmacologically active substances
during allergic responses
43
Natural killer (NK), lymphoid origin
Express CD16, 56
Bloodstream, less than 10% of lymphocytes
Lymphocytes with large cytoplasmic granules
Kill tumor/virus cell targets or Ab-coated target cells (ADCC)
44
Lymphocyte - adaptive immunity
Bloodstream, 1,000-4,000/ml, lymph nodes, spleen, submucosa and epithelia
Large, dark nucleus, small rim of cytoplasm
B cells (CD19, 20, 21) produce Ab
TH cells (CD3, 4) regulate immune responses
CTLs (CD3, 8) kill infected, altered cells
45
Plasma cell - adaptive immunity
Lymph nodes, spleen, MALT, & bone marrow
Small dark nucleus, intensely staining golgi apparatus
End cell of B-lymphocyte differentiation, produce Ab
46
Humoral immunity
mediated by antibodies - proteins made by B cells
47
Cell-mediated immunity
responsible for the defense against intra-cellular microbes, and is mediated by T cells.
48
A previously health 8 year old boy is infected with an upper respiratory tract virus for the first time. During the first few hours of infection, which one of the following events occurs?
A.A lymphocyte response rapidly controls the infection.
B.An immune response dominated by neutrophils and monocytes keeps the infection under control
C.Killer CD8 T cells destroy infected epithelial cells
D.Antibody neutralizes the virus and prevents the spread of infection
E.Memory B cells quickly become activated to secrete antibody
●
●
A.An immune response dominated by neutrophils and monocytes keeps the infection under control
49
Foreign substances recognized by B and T lymphocytes are called
antigens
specific portion of antigen that is recognized by lymphocyte is called an epitope.
50
, B and T cells recognize antigen in what ways
T: only protein antigens
B & antibodies: many - prteins, carbos, nuc-acids, lipids
51
T and B lymphocytes that have not yet encountered antigen are said to be
naïve
“immunologically” inexperienced, and are in an “inactivated” state
52
Protective immunity against a microbe is induced by
host’s T and B cell recognition of, and response to the foreign antigen.
53
active immunity
whose lymphocytes have responded to microbial antigens and are protected from subsequent exposures to that microbe
54
Passive immunity
immune to antigen without previous exposure
* txf serum/lymphocytes of immunized person
55
Many of the functions of the cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems are mediated by the release of
cytokines
## Footnote
conceptually sim to hormones - local and systemic
Have highly pleiotropic effects: multiple effects from single source
Chemokines attract other cells
56
In a normal individual, a primary infection is cleared from the body by
combined effects of innate and adaptive immunity.
57
Communication between elements of the innate and adaptive immune response
58
A standard treatment of animal bite victimes, when there is a possibility that the animal was infected with the rabies virus, is administration of human immunoglobulin preparations containing anti-rabies virus antibodies. Which type of immunity would be established by this treatment
A.Active humoral immunity
B.Passive humoral immunity
C.Active cell-mediated immunity
D.Passive cell-mediated immunity
E.Innate immunity
A.Passive humoral immunity
59
immune system tree
60
Most pathogens gain entry to the tissues through
skin, respiratory tract, or gastrointestinal tract
surfaces are protected by continuous epithelia that provides a physical and chemical barrier
61
The epithelium is colonized by normal flora
* Compete for nutrients and colonization
* Stimulate secretion of antimicrobial substances at epithelial surfaces
62
Epithelial Mechanical Barriers
Tight junctions
Mucus - prevent adherence pathogen to epithelial cells
Mucociliary elevator - microorg trapped in mucus pushed out by beating of cilia
63
Epithelial Chemical Barriers
skin:
* sweat: anti-microbe FA
mucous memb:
* HCl (parietal cells) - lowers pH
* tears/saliva - enz dig
* defensins/cathelicidins: direct toxicity
* sufactants - opsonin - "coats" mic-org --\> targ it for destruction by phago
64
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
innate immune sys recog limited # microbial products shared among broad groups
NOT present on host cells - often structures essential for surv % infectivity
65
Recognition of PAMPs is mediated by
•Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)
major fam = toll-like receptors (TLRs)
nod-like receptors (NLR) - microbial products, dmg tissue
ROG-like receptors (RIG-I, MDA-5) - recog viral rna
c-type lectin receptors - recog mannose residues
66
Innate immune receptors mediate these functions:
1. Stimulate production of effector molecules and cytokines that induce innate responses and also influence down-stream adaptive immune responses
2. Stimulate pathogen phagocytosis
3. Chemotactic function, guide phagocytes to site of infection
67
TLR pathway
68
NOD-like cytosolic receptors (NLRs)
senses bac products & substances indicated cell dmg/death
NLRP-3 engagement --\> combines with caspase 1 (complex = inflammasome)--\> activ --\> convert IL-1b into active form --\> secreted
IL-1 induces infla and fever
69
Sterile (non-infectious) Inflammatory NLRP3 activators & associated diseases
monosodium urate cyrstals - gout
beta-amyloid plaques - alzheimer's
free FA, islet amyloid polypeptide - DM
ox-LDL, cholesterol crystals - atherosclerosis
70
Defective TLR Signaling
71
•MyD88 Deficiency
•Recurrent and severe pus-forming or pyogenic bacterial infection
72
•IRAK4 Deficiency
•Recurrent severe bacterial infections (cellulitis, arthritis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, organ abscesses, and sepsis)
73
•UNC93B Deficiency and TLR3 Mutations
•Increased susceptibility to encephalitis caused by herpes simplex virus
74
•IKK/NEMO
* Ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency
* Immunodeficiency ranges in severity from recurrent sinopulmonary infections extreme susceptibility to mycobacteria and opportunistic organisms
75
Carl is a 1 month old healthy child who has not, as yet, received any childhood vaccines. He presents with his first episode of otitis media that is successfully treated with antibiotics. Which of the following immune components contributed the most to the clearing of the infectious agent during the first few days of the infection?
●
A.Antigen receptors on B lymphocytes
B.Toll like receptors on macrophages
C.Cytokines that promote antibody production
D.T cell responses to bacterial antigens
E.Memory B cells
A.Toll like receptors on macrophages
76
macrophage populations
77
Tissue Resident Innate Immune Cells
Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Mast Cells
78
Dendritic cells
79
The inflammatory cytokines _______ (as well as the microbe itself) stimulate endothelial cells to express the adhesion molecules \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
IL-1 and TNF-α
E and P selectin
80
what makes "rolling"
shear forces made by blood flwo
weak binding of selectins
81
neutrophil mig relies mainly on...
LFA1: ICAM-1 & MAC-1/ICAM-1 interactions, CSCR1 CXCR2 binding to chemokine IL-8
82
monocytes mainly utilize
VLA-4:VCAM-1 interactions
CCL2 binding with CCR2
83
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
rare, auto-recessive
dec mvmt leukocytes to inflam sites & dec tight adhesions
* absent/deficient expr the β2 integrins, LFA-1 and Mac-1
* heterodimers of CD18/CD11 due to var mut in CD18 gene
symp:
* delayed sep of umb cord
* recurr infections of skin, lungs, GIT, perirectal
tx: BMT, stem cell txplant
84
It is generally thought that a limited amount of inflammation at the site of vaccination helps to stimulate a strong adaptive immune response to the vaccine antigens. Which of the following substances, if introduced with the vaccine, would best serve the purpose of attracting a neutrophil infiltrate into the area?
A.G-CSF
B.IL-8
C.Prostaglandin
D.E selectin
E.TNFalpha
A.IL-8
85
Neutrophils: PMN
dom in acute inflam, most abundant
first responders to most infections (part bac/fungi)
fx: enter cell --\> phago
86
neutrophil granules
specific
* lysozyme
* collagenase
* elastase
azurophilic
* defensins
* cathelicidins
87
G-CSF
granulocyte colon stim fac
* prod neutrophils (reserve in BM and released during infection)
* lifespan = 6 hrs
elev during infection
88
Monocytes
monocytes --\>extravasc tiss --\> differn to macrophages
* mononuc phago sys
fx: engulf, secr, present (APC)
89
Macrophages and neutrophils destroy microbes through a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2-step process:
1) engulfment and 2) killing.
90
Antimicrobial Molecules
ROS
NADPH Oxidase
MPO (myeloperoxidase)
reactive N sp (iNOS)
proteolytic enz, lysozyme
91
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
mut: NADPH oxidase
recurr infection with catalase
granulomas: inab to kill phagoed bac
92
macrophages
PRR: M1 (classic activ macrop) - inflam, microbe kill
* IL-6
* TNF-alpha
* IL-1beta
* CSCL8
* IL-12
M2 (alt activ macrop) - activ by IL-4/IL-13 (absense strong TLR sig)
APC: adaptive imm response
93
Dendritic Cells: link b/w innate and adaptive imm
myeloid precursors in bone marrow --\> peripheral tiss in immature cells
capture antigen --\> lymph --\> present to naive T cells
94
conventional DC (cDC)
capture antigens in peripheral tiss --\> present to adaptive immune cells in lymph node
95
plasmacytoid DC (pDC)
circ in perip blood --\> recruit to inflam site --\> activ --\> prod interferon type 1
96
mast cells
degranulation (s):
* histamine - vasodil/inc permea
* TNF-alpha
* tryptase/chymase - proteolytic enz = kill bac, inactiv toxins
* amine
eicosanoids (min)
* LT, PG
cytokines/chemokines/GF (hours)
97
Natural Killer Cells: CD16/CD56
* **do not expr antigen receptors like those expr by T and B lymphocytes**
from common lymphoid progenitor
recog targ cells by ansense of MHC class 1 mol (self healthy cells)
2 pathways
* perforin/granzyme
* fas/fasL
98
NK Cell Receptors
99
Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADDC)
100
NK Cell Cytokines
IL-12: Stimulates the production of IFNγ from NK cells
IL-15: Important for the development and maturation of NK cells
Type I Interferons: Enhance the killing function of NK cells
101
Lymphocytes with Limited Antigen Receptor Diversity
These cells have features of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, but are considered part of the innate system
102
Complement (C’) System
made by liver --\> present in blood, lymph, extracel fl
zymogens: proteolytic enz circ in inactive forms
activation via cleavage --\> amplication --\> less activated to large # effecgtor mol
103
C-activation
cleave C prteins --\> effector fx --\> next pathway
104
c-fixation
bindg active serum complement --\> antigen-antibody pair/ microb surf
105
Convertase/esterase
alt c-prot = proteolytic enz for another c-cmpt
106
hemolytic units (CH50)
quant complement activity
dilution that lyses 50% stand ab-coated RBC
107
The three main functions of complement
108
3 pathways of complement activation
alt: early innate response to infection
lectin: innate but needs more time
classic: antibodies --\> antigen: humoral adaptive immunity
109
central to all c' pathways...
cleave C3 --\>
* sml C3a
* chemo-attactant: effector cells, mast cells --\> vasoactive chem
* lg C3b
* opsonin: conval bind
C3 activates alt pathway but is later in other pathways
110
Alternative Complement Pathway
111
alt pathway of C': important cmpts
C3:
* C3b = opsonin - bind patho surf
* C3a = stim inflam
* C5 convertase
fac B:
* Bb = serine protease: active enq of C3 and C5 convertase
fac D:
* serine protease - cleaves fac B when it is bound to C3b
properdin:
* stab C3 convertase (C3bBb) on microbe surf
112
lectin pathway
init: absense of antibody
req: bind lectins (MBL: mannose binding lectin) --\> microbe polysacc
* acute phase prod prod by liver during inflam
**innate immunity**: init by microb prod
113
Activation of the lectin
pathway:
bind MBL to microbe --\> brkdown C4 & C2 to a & b frag
* C4b & C2a: coval bind to microb surf = c4b2a complex = C3 convertase = brkdwn C3
* C3b =
* opsonin
* bind c4b2a --\> C5 convertase = init last steps of C' activ
114
claassical complement pathway
init: bind antibody --\> antigen
* **adaptive immune response**
* C1 bind Fc parts of IgG/IgM
115
Activation of the classical complement pathway:
C1 binds 2 adj Abs --\> activ --\> cleave C4 & C2 to a & b frag
* c4b2b = bind to surf = classical pathway C3 convertase = brkdwn C3
* c3b:
* opsonin
* binds c4b2b --\> C5 convertase = last steps of c' activ
116
end result of 3 pathways of c'activation
microbe acquires coat of C3b = opsonin
117
anaphylotoxins in decreasing order of potency
118
C9
final protein in c' activation pathway
pore in cell memb (MAC - memb attack complex)
* allows water and ions to enter = cell rupture
119
Complement Deficiencies
C3 = usu fatal - recurr, server bac infections
C5-C9 = requ for assemble MAC
* inc suscept to Neisserial infections: thin cell walls - esp suscep to lytic actions of complement
120
why is host not dmged by c' and microbes are?
mammals have reg protesin that inhib c' activ: **microbes lack**
reg can be overwhelmed if coated with lg enough amts of antibody
121
DAF
decay accelerating factor
disrupts C3 convertase in all 3 pathways
122
MCP
memb cofactor protein
proteolysis C3b to inactive frag: med by factor I
123
C1 inhibitor
C1 IHN
stops classic path activ: interfere with C1q
124
Hereditary Angioedema
C1 INH deficiency: C1 esterase inhibitor
excessive C1 activation and subsequent activation of kinin sys
unpred/recurr episodes periodic swelling in subQsubmucosal tiss
125
clinical symp of inflammation
redness: dil bv, inc blood flow
heat flow: dil bv, inc blood flow
swelling: accum fl/inflam cells
pain: stretch/distortion tiss by inflam fl, release of pain-inducing inflam mediators
loss of fx: swell/pain inhibit mvmt
126
in the innate immune response, the priniciple course of cytokines are...
macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells: activated by recog of microbes
127
Major Proinflammatory Cytokines
TNF, IL-1, and IL-6
128
local effects of proinflammatory cytokines
vasodil: marginalization fo leuko
activ endothelium: adhesion mol for stickyy
inc endothelium permea: diapedesis/extravasation
129
Systemic Effects of Inflammatory Cytokines
130
pyrogens
IL-1, IL-6 and TNFa: can induce fever
higher temps:
* slow patho growth
* actively sequester iron - lim bac growth
131
acute phase proteins
prod by liver in response to inflam cytokines: induced bby IL-1, IL-6, TNF
* MBL: recog microb carbs = coat for phago, or activ lectin c' pathway
* c-reactive protein: binds PC --\> coats for phago by macrop
* expr receptor for CRP --\> can trigger classical c' path
132
Septic Shock:
very high lvls TNFa prod in response to sys bac infection
133
IL-8
major chemotactic factor for neutrophils
134
IL-12
prod by macrophages and dendritic cells:
* activ NK cell
* induce differen of CD4 T cells into Th1 cells
* **end prod:** IFNg
135
•Type I Interferons (IFN)
major innate cytokine for viral infecftions
* secr by viral infect cells/various lueko
* Interferon-alpha (IFN-α)
* Interferon-beta (IFN-β)
fx: protect surr cells from being affecting
136
RIG-1
Host cells are alerted to the presence of a viral infection by the recognition of viral PAMPs (here dsRNA), by pattern recognition receptors
137
biological actions of type I IFN (5)
induce expr enz that block viral replication
induce chemokines to recruit more leuko
inc MHC class 1 expr & APC
inc cytotox of NK/cytotoxic T cells
activ dendritic cells/macrop
138
final role of innate immune response
activ adaptive immune reponse
effective immune response req mech of BOTH innate and adaptive
139
pneumococci
resist phago
cap polysacc inhib phago
140
staphylococci
resis ROS
prod catalase --\> brkdown ROS
141
Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococci
resis alt c' path
expr sialic acid --\> inhib C3/C5 convertases
M protein blocks C3 fx
142
Pseudomonas
resis antimicrobial peptides
synth mod LPS
143
primary lymph organs
BM, thymus
B & T lymphocytes mature --\> expr antigen recep --\> commited specificity --\> fx maturity
144
secondary lymph organs
lymph nodes, spleen, MALT
init adaptive immune response
optimize interactions b/w lympo, APCs, antigen
145
bone marrow
multipotent hematopoietic stem cells
* origin of most mature circ blood cells
* CD34+, c-kit+ markers
early B cell mature
plasma cell
146
c-Kit ligand
sources: BM stromal cells
immature cell targets: MSCs
induces: all cell types
147
IL-7
source: fibroblast, bone marrow stromal cells
targets: immaure lymphoid progenitors
induces : T lympho
148
IL-3
source: T cell
target: immaure progenitors
induces: all cell pops
149
GM-CSF
source: T cells, macrop, endothelial, fibroblast
target: imaure/commited myeloid progen, mature macrop
induces: granulocytes, monocytes, macrop activ
150
M-CSF
sources: macrop, endothelial cells, BM cells, fibroblasts
target: commited progenitor
induces: monocytes
151
G-CSF
sources: macrop, fibroblast, endothelial cells
target: commited granulocyte progen
induces: granulocytes
152
fit-3 ligand
sources: BM stromal cells
target: HSC, DC, B cell progen
induces: classic and plasmacytoid DCs, B-cells
153
Key Hematopoietic Cytokines in Bone Marrow
c-kit ligand (stem cell factor)
IL-7
IL-3
GM-CSF
M-CSF
G-CSF
fit-3 ligand
154
common lymophoid progen cell
precursor: T, C, NK cells
most steps B-cell matur = in BM, final steps @ 2ndary lymph organs (esp spleen)
155
common myeloid progenitor cell
makes: RBC, platelet, granulocytes, monocytes
most dendritic cells from monocyte lineage
156
characteristics?
thymus: site of T cell mature
3rd pharyngeal pouch
2 compartments:
* outer cortex: thymocytes
* epith cells secr IL-7: GF for early T cell dev
* inner medulla: mature T cells
* epith cells remove self-reactive T cells
involution after puberty: decline new T cell prod
157
DiGeorge syndrome
T-cell defic: gene mutation
also affects parathyroid gland --\> hypocalcemia & heart dev
* due to 3rd pharyngeal pouch origin
158
•A 52 year old man who receives radiation therapy and cytotoxic drugs for treatment of cancer sustains significant damage to his bone marrow. Which of the following changes will most likely occur?
•
A.Decreased production of monocytes but not B lymphocytes
B.Decreased production of B lymphocytes but not T lymphocytes
C.Decreased production of neutrophils and monocytes but not B lymphocytes
D.Decreased production of B and T lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and red blood cells
E.Normal production of all red blood cells due to compensatory extra medullary hematopoiesis
Decreased production of B and T lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and red blood cells
159
•In DiGeorge syndrome, the thymus fails to develop. Which of the following characterizes the immunodeficiency state in this syndrome?
•
A.Low numbers of neutrophils and monocytes in the blood.
B.Deficiency in antibody production in response to bacteria polysaccharides
C.Deficiency in cell mediated immunity in response to an intracellular infection
D.Normal T cell numbers, however, defective T cell activation
E.Deficiency in B cell maturation
A.Normal T cell numbers, however, defective T cell activation
160
Peripheral Lymphoid Organs Function
collect/concentrate antigens
naive lympho mig here --\>
* try to recog antigens
* concentrated here to init responses
161
elephantiasis
Wuchereria bancrofti
Result of Interstitial Fluid Collecting and not Draining to the Lymphatics
162
Different areas of the lymph nodes have distinct functional properties.
163
