Exam 1

Question 1

General Characteristics of Blood?

Answer 1

Volume: 5-6 L for men and 4-5 L for women
pH: 7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline)
Viscosity: 5x as viscous as water
Composition:
Water: 92%
Proteins (albumins 58%; globulins 37%; fibrinogen 4%): 7%
Other Solutes (electrolytes, nutrients, etc): 1%

Question 2

General functions of blood?

Answer 2

Transporting substances: Gases (Oxygen), nutrients (from digestive tract/fat stores), Hormones (hormones from endocrine), wastes (tissues or kidneys)
Regulation: pH, Ion composition of interstitial fluids
Clotting
Limiting Fluid Loss: clotting at injury site, platelets form meshwork
Defense: blood cells fight infections
Maintain Body Temp: absorbs heat from skeletal muscle and redistributes it

Question 3

Specific functions of: plasma proteins?

Answer 3

90% produced by liver
Albumins: help maintain osmotic pressure of plasma
Globulins: immunity and transport substances (ions, hormones, lipids)
Fibrinogen: forms fibrin (clotting)
Regulatory Proteins: inflammation and destroying foreign molecules
Electrolytes: sodium, potassium, calcium
Nutrients: Used to help grow/maintain cells and produce ATP
Wastes: Carried to areas for breakdown/excretion (urea, creatinine, bilirubin)

Question 4

Specific Functions of red blood cells?

Answer 4

45%
No nuclei, ribosomes, or mitochondria (120 days)
Biconcave shape: large surface to volume ratio (faster exchange); stackable (eases flow); flexible
Transport gases with Hb (14-18 males; 12-16 females)
Heme molecule (contains iron; helps with ability to release)

Question 5

Specific functions of platelets?

Answer 5

Contain granules that mediate clotting, retraction, and dissolution
Form plug: aggregate, cause more to appear, create clot, clot disappears

Question 6

Functions of Neutrophils?

Answer 6

First ones on the scene
Most abundant
Kill and phagocytize bacteria
Tells others that help is needed

Question 7

Functions of Eosinophils?

Answer 7

Bilobed nucleus
Stain darker than neutrophils
Kill parasitic worms, active in allergic reactions
Numbers increase during reactions
Bronchi, GI, vagina

Question 8

Functions of Basophils?

Answer 8

Bilobed nucleus (hidden by granules)
Densely stained
Key proteins: heparin (anti-coagulant) and histamine (anti-inflammatory, incrases vascularity)

Question 9

Functions of lymphocytes?

Answer 9

Most abundant agranulocyte
Spherical, large nuclei take up most of the cell
Subdivided into:
B (antibody production), T, (antigen processing) and Natural Killers (destroy cells making perforations)

Question 10

Functions of Monocytes?

Answer 10

C-shaped nucleus
Role: phagocytize
When migrated, called macrophages

Question 11

Whole blood component breakdown?

Answer 11

Plasma: 55%
RBCs: 45%
Platelets and WBCs: 1%

Question 12

Define hematopoiesis and differentiate between red and yellow bone marrow.

Answer 12

Formation of new blood cells; occurs constantly as blood cells have a limited life span; prenatal (yolk sac, liver, spleen, and bone marrow) and postnatal (bone marrow)
Red marrow: hematogenous (can make new cells)
Yellow marrow: filled with adipocytes (initially red but most turn to yellow, can turn back with severe blood loss)

Question 13

Apply what you know about hematocrit and hemoglobin to basic clinical concepts such as anemia and HbA1C.

Answer 13

Anemia: RBCs are sickle shaped and are easily damaged; can get stuck, blocking oxygen from tissues; have slight resistance to malaria

Question 14

Granulocytes vs Agranulocytes?

Answer 14

Granulocytes:Have granules in the cell (lysosomes, histamines)
Agranulocytes: no specific granules, but have lysosomes

Question 15

Explain Sickle Cell Disease.

Answer 15

Mutation in Hb beta chain

Causes the RBCs to have sickle shape, get stuck in vessels, blocking oxygen from tissues

Question 16

Pulmonary vs Systemic cardio systems?

Answer 16

Pulmonary: system that includes the lungs (where the blood is oxygenated)
Systemic: circuit that carries oxygenated blood throughout the rest of the body

Question 17

Describe the 3 layers of blood vessels. Explain how the layers and structure vary in different vessels.

Answer 17

Tunica Intima: closest to the lumen; endothelium and subendothelial layer (loose CT and sometimes smooth muscle), larger arteries contain an internal elastic lamina
Tunica Media: smooth muscle; elastic fibers, reticular fibers, and proteoglycans; arteries may have an external elastic lamina (capillaries don’t have smooth muscle in the tunica media)
Adventitia (Tunica Externa): Type 1 collagen and elastic fibers; vasa vasorum (can’t get enough nutrients from lumen to external portions of vessels because of thick walls, another supply is needed) and autonomic nerve fibers located in larger vessels

Question 18

What are the different sensory structures associated with the cardio system?

Answer 18

Baroreceptors: detect pressure (carotid sinus)
Chemoreceptors: detect O2, CO2, or pH (carotid body and aortic body)

Question 19

Discuss the organization& functionalsignificance of arteriovenous anastomoses/shunts.

Answer 19

In AV shunts, rather than go from arteriole to capillary, to venule, the shunt bypasses the capillary bed
The Portal system has 2 capillary beds (good for distributing hormones efficiently), but the shunt bypasses the capillary bed and continues on

Question 20

Elastic Arteries

Answer 20

Endothelium with CT
Many elastic lamellae/smooth
Thin CT (vasa vasorum)
Conduct blood from heart forward using recoil

Question 21

Muscular Arteries

Answer 21

Endothelium, CT/smooth, internal elastic lamina
Many smooth layers (less elastic)
Thin CT (VV maybe visible)
Distribute blood to all organs, steady pressure/flow (vasodilation and constriction)

Question 22

Small Arteries

Answer 22

Endothelium: CT less smooth
3-10 layers of smooth
Thin CT
Distribute to arterioles, adjust flow

Question 23

Arterioles

Answer 23

Endothelium: no CT/smooth
1-3 layers of smooth
Very thin CT
Resist/control flow to caps; determines systemic BP

Question 24

Capillaries

Answer 24

Endothelium
Few pericytes
No Adventitia
Exchange metabolites (diffusion) to and from cells

Question 25

Venules

Answer 25

Endothelium (no valves) Pericytes and scattered smooth No Adventitia Drain cap beds; leukocytes exit vasculature

Question 26

Small Veins

Answer 26

Endothelium: CT scattered smooth Thin, 2-3 loose layers of smooth Thick CT ollec

Question 27

Small Veins

Answer 27

Endothelium: CT scattered smooth Thin, 2-3 loose layers of smooth Thick CT Collects blood from venules

Question 28

Medium Veins

Answer 28

Endothelium: CT (valves) 3-5 distinct layers of smooth Thick CT: longitudinal smooth Carry blood to large veins (no backflow)

Question 29

Large Veins

Answer 29

Endothelium: CT, smooth cells (Valves) >5 layers of smooth with collagen Thickest layer; bundled longitudinal smooth Return blood to heart

Question 30

What is Atherosclerosis?

Answer 30

Impacts elastic and muscular arteries Intimal-based fibrofatty plaques made up of smooth muscle cells, collagen, lymphocytes, lipids, debris, etc. Can lead to: significant stenosis (narrowing); plaque rupture leads to thrombus which leads to embolus; vessel wall weakening leads to an aneurysm and potential rupture of the vessel

Question 31

List the different types of capillaries, their functional properties, and where they are located in the body.

Answer 31

Continuous: pinocytotic vesicles and basement membrane, lack fenestrae (may see pericytes); don't allow much movement through walls Fenestrated: 80nm gaps in walls, continuous basement membrane, holes in the walls, found in areas with rapid exchange (endocrine glands) Sinusoidal: larger, more irregular shape and path, multiple fenestrations, discontinuous basement membrane, leaky; found in bone marrow, liver, and spleen

Question 32

Explain the relationship between pressure and flow and vessel structure.

Answer 32

The Pressure and Speed of Flow in decreasing order: Large Artery Medium-Sized Artery Arteriole Capillary (greatest permeability, no smooth muscle) Venule Vein

Question 33

What are the stages of Clotting?

Answer 33

Primary Aggregation: platelets adhere to collagen and form a plug Secondary Aggregation: platelets release substances that help increase the size of the plug Blood Coagulation: substances released from damaged vessel endothelium and platelets give rise to fibrin meshwork (meshwork and trapped RBCs, WBCs, and platelets form a clot Clot Retraction: clot contracts due to interaction between platelet actin and myosin (impermeable layer) Clot Removal: tissue is restored and the clot dissolves by plasmin and other proteins; phagocytes eat the clot, restored to normal