Exam 1 Flashcards by Farzana Azizi

X-linked trait of a hereditary disease: what is more common, recessive or dominant? women or men?

recessive, men

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what is an x-linked disorder that is very severe?

hemophilia

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turner’s syndrome

pt. has single X chromosome; monosomy

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trisomy

extra copy of one chromosome; 3 copies of chromosome 21 are in each cell

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monosomy

Each body cell has a missing chromosome

Most often incompatible with life

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polyploidy

Embryo has one or more extra sets of chromosomes

Usually results in early spontaneous abortion

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physical char. of monosomy turner’s syndrome

broad chest, wide spread nipples
cystic masses either side of neck
short stature
kidneys may be joined together

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a physiologic change that removes the protective coating from the heads of the sperm

capacitation

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a cap on the sperm, small perforations form here to allow enzymes to escape

acrosome

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the inner protective layer of the ovum

zona pellicuda

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– the outer protective layer of the ovum

corona radiata

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when a sperm has penetrated an ovum, both become enclosed in a protective membrane

zona reaction

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the fertilized ovum, the single cell formed by union of sperm and egg, 46 chromosomes, all characteristics of new being is established, every genetic feature including sex

zygote

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a solid ball of cells within 3 days

morula

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a hollow cavity that forms within the cell mast in 4 days, difference of the outer and inner cells

blastocyst

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the outer layer of cells surrounding the cavity replacing the zona pellucida (produces HCG), double every 48 hours

trophoblast

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occurs 6-10 days after conception, trophoblast burrow into endometrium, some woman experience vaginal bleeding and occurs around time of the missed period

implantation

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vascular, finger-like projections extending out from trophoblast into the endometrium, begins to obtain nutrients fro developing ova

chorionic villi

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what are the 3 stages of prenatal development?

-preembryonic development, 4th day after conception, embryonic stage

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what is the pre-embryonic stage?

1st 14 days

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what is the 4th day of conception?

the ZYGOTE enters the uterus with the help of chorionic villi (vascular, finger-like projections extending out of trophoblast & obtains nutrients for developing ova)

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what happens during embryonic stage?

15 th day or the 3rd week - 8 weeks - 3cm crown to rump (most critical time in organ development)

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what are the 2 main things to know about third stage: embryonic stage?

most critical time for organ development

- most vulnerable to teratogens

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what are the 2 fetal membranes that have to do with the embryo?

chorion & amnion

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outer membrane; develops from trophoblast, covers fetal side of placenta

chorion

inner membrane, surrounds fetus; develops from interior cells of blastocyst; develops into fluid sac around the fetus

amnion

Development of specialized structures is controlled by 3 factors

genetic info from parents, interaction between adjacent tissues & timing

drugs in pregnancy: what is category A drugs and giv example

no evidence that it harms fetus (mag. sulfate)

category b:

animal reproduction studies have not demonstrated risk to fetus; no adequate studies done in pregnant women (prozac, tylenol)

category c:

animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on fetus but no adequate, well-controlled studies have been done in humans; (acyclovir, albuterol)

category d pergnancy drugs

positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data (depacote, tetracyc.)

category x

positive evidence of human fetal risk based on animal or human studies and/or adverse reaction data (accutane)

which week do these occur? CNS begins to develop Neural tube is fused in the middle but still open at each end Primitive heart begins beating Beginning development of the GI tract Leg and arm buds appear and grow out from the body

week 3

which week do these occur? Shape changes and resembles a C-shaped cylinder Neural tube closes (anencephaly, spina bifida result if no closure) Formation of face and URI begins Formation of 4 chambers of heart Trachea branches to form R & L bronchi

week 4

normal amount of amniotic fluid range

700-800 ml

< 400 ml- this indicates which disease?

oligohydramnios associated with renal abnormalities, poor placental blood flow, PROM, underdeveloped fetal kidneys, blocked urinary excretion

> 2000 ml indicates which diseases?

polyhydramnios/hydramnios- associated with GI abnormalities, maternal diabetes, imbalanced water exchange among mother, fetus & amniotic fluid that has no known cause, malformation of CNS, chromosomal abnormalities and multifetal gestation

continuous with surface of umbilical cord

amnion

early structure formed to assist with nutrients and oxygen; blood vessels, blood cells and plasma are made during 2nd and 3rd weeks

yolk sac

epidermis, glands, nails, hair, CNS, peripheral nervous system, eye lens, tooth enamel

ectoderm

bones and teeth, muscle, dermis, connective tissue, cardiovascular system, spleen, urogenital system

mesoderm

epithelium which lines the respiratory and digestive tracts

endoderm

connective tissue; gelatinous tissue protecting the umbilical cord from compression

wharton's jelly

2 components of placenta

maternal and fetal

Maternal component of placenta

``` rough & attaches to uterus 3 functions Metabolic Transfer endocrine ```

initial structures that eventually form fetal side of placenta

chorionic villi

given in 40-60’s to decrease incidence of spontaneous ab; increases incidence vaginal carcinoma, infertility, spontaneous abortion & PTL

DES

4 Hormones Produced by the Placenta

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) Human Placental Lactogen (HPL) Progesterone Estrogen

Protein hormone Produced early Preserves/maintains function of ovarian corpus luteum ensuring estrogen and progesterone

HCG

``` Protein hormone Similar to growth hormone Stimulates maternal metabolism to supply and maintain nutrition/nutrients for fetal growth Resistant to insulin Facilitates glucose transport Stimulates breast development ```

HPL

``` hormone: Maintains the endometrial lining Decreases uterine contractions Stimulates maternal metabolism Develops breast areola ```

Progesterone

Stimulates uterine growth and uteroplacental blood flow Proliferation of breast glandular tissue Stimulates myometrial contractility, increases near end of pregnancy Placental hormones suppress immunologic response to fetus so mother does not reject

estrogen

shunt that connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava

Ductus venosus-

connects the main pulmonary artery to the aorta

Ductus arteriosus

anatomic opening between the right atrium and left atrium

foramen ovale

Reversal of blood flow causes

closure of foramen ovale

O2 causes constriction and closure

ductus arterius

Mechanical pressure ®

closure of ductus venosus

Capability of fetus to survive outside the uterus

viability (20 weeks)

recommended total weight gain for pregnant mother

25-35 lbs....if underwieght gain more, if overweight, gain less

Pregnant women with PKU (inability to break down amino acids) should avoid

aspartane

Daily recommended protein intake of ____ g during pregnancy

Dehydration may cause

premature uterine contractions

decreases the occurrence of NTD’s in newborns(70%)

folic acid

Need ___ mcg folic acid every day

400 prepreg, 700 preg.

Vitamin B12 (lacking for vegans) may eat ____ products

soy

Substitute sources of calcium if lactose intolerant mother

peanuts, almonds, sunflower seeds, broccoli, salmon, kale and molasses

Pregnancy considered anemic if < ____g/dl

10.5

descent of fetal head into pelvis

lightening

braxton-hicks

irregular, painless contractions durign 3rd trimester. can be mistaken for going into labor

soft whistle-blowing sound that can be ascultated

uterine soufle

bluish color that extends into vagina and labia- earliest sign of pregnancy

chadwick's sign

cervical softening

goodell's sign

thick substance that transfers antibodies to baby during breast-feeding) “mother’s first milk”

colostrum

degree of softening of the lower uterine segment

hegar's sign

softening of the cervix and uterus

goodell's sign

nagele's rule

subtract 3 months, add 7 days to the first day of last period and correcting year

GTPAL

Gravida (number of pregnancies--> how many times she had a great belly?) Term (kids delivered up 37 weeks or greater) Pre-term (pre-term bellies) Abortion- Living-ALL living kids

Exam 1 Flashcards

(78 cards)