Exam 1

Question 1

Paracelcus

Answer 1

Is is the dose that determines the poison. 1400’s to 1500’s - “on the miner’s sickness and other diseases of miners

Question 2

Carson

Answer 2

The Silent Spring

Question 3

Potts

Answer 3

Chimney Cleaners and scrotal cancer

Question 4

Socrates

Answer 4

Discourse on the diseases of workers

Question 5

Wiley Bill

Answer 5

Food and Drug admin begins

Question 6

National Institute of Health Formed when?

Answer 6

1930

Question 7

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act did what?

Answer 7

Provides for federal regulation of pesticide distribution, sale, and use

Question 8

Delaney clause of the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act enacted when and did what?

Answer 8

1958 - banned carinogens from being added to food supply for animals and humans

Question 9

Cuyahoga River did what and when?

Answer 9

Caught fire for the 13th time in June 1969. “oozes rather than flows.” “does not drown, but decays”

Question 10

What is the LD50 and what does it do?

Answer 10

Its the lethal dose of 50% of people. Kills 50% of people who are poisoned.

Question 11

What is the TD50 and what does it do?

Answer 11

Toxic 50. Makes 50% of the people who use it sick.

Question 12

What is ED50 and what does it do?

Answer 12

Effective Dose 50. Works on 50% of people who use it.

Question 13

What is the TI and how do you figure it out? Whats the equation?

Answer 13

Therapeutic Index. Ratio of the dose required to elicit a toxic and the dose needed to elicit a desired effect. TD50/ED50

Question 14

What is the margin of safety, and its equation?

Answer 14

Indicator of the magnitude of difference between the undesired and desired effects. LD1/ED99

Question 15

What are the problems with interpreting dose response curves with mouse studies for humans?

Answer 15

Differences in species. Lack of genetic variability. Different environments. Same food, inbred, other medications for humans.

Question 16

What is the reference dose equation?

Answer 16

No Observed Adverse Effect Level divided by the uncertainty factor times the modifying factors.

Question 17

The ADI should be how much safer for humans than mice?

Answer 17

100 times

Question 18

Explain hormesis? What does a graph showing Hormesis look like?

Answer 18

negative effects and low and high doses, but moderate doses can provide beneficial effects. The graph has a U shape.

Question 19

What is an additive interaction?

Answer 19

Add both together and creates a total effect. 4+5=90

Question 20

What is a synergistic interaction?

Answer 20

Combine the two effects for a random number. 4+5=90

Question 21

What is a potentiation interaction?

Answer 21

One by itself but other does. One number is 0. 4+0=90.

Question 22

What is an antagonistic interaction?

Answer 22

Sum of effects is less than them by themselves. 4+5=1

Question 23

Time in Toxicology: Acute Exposure

Answer 23

Less than 24 hours (workplace = single incident/spill)

Question 24

Time in Toxicology: Subacute Exposure

Answer 24

Repeated exposure for 30 days or less (workplace = not used)

Question 25

Time in Toxicology: Subchronic

Answer 25

1 -3 months (workplace - weeks or months)

Question 26

Time in Toxicology: Chronic

Answer 26

Over 3 months (workplace - many months or years)

Question 27

Where is the no observable adverse effect level on a graph?

Answer 27

Biggest dose that is still produces 0 effects.

Question 28

Where is the lowest observable adverse effect level on a graph?

Answer 28

Point directly after 0.

Question 29

Where does a stochastic/Non-threshold graph start?

Answer 29

0

Question 30

Where does a nonstachastic/threshold graph start?

Answer 30

After 0

Question 31

What are the four routes of exposure?

Answer 31

Ingestion, Inhalation, Dermal, and Injection

Question 32

What are the steps of toxicant delivery?

Answer 32

0) Exposure 1) Delivery 2) Reaction 3) Dysfunction 4) Repair or Failure to repair

Question 33

The term absorption refers to?

Answer 33

Putting chemicals into systemic circulation

Question 34

What factors influence whether or not a chemical/toxicant is absorbed?

Answer 34

Concentration, Surface area, characteristics of epithelial layer where could be absorbed

Question 35

Hydrophilic:

Answer 35

Like mixes with like - water soluble.

Question 36

Hydrophobic

Answer 36

Like mixes with like, not water soluble

Question 37

SOAP Micelle

Answer 37

Like mixes with like, polar on outside, nonpolar on inside.

Question 38

Most toxicants cross membranes by what?

Answer 38

Simple Diffusion

Question 39

What does rate of diffusion depend on?

Answer 39

Lipid Solubility (measured by partition coefficient)

Question 40

What are some examples of specialized barriers int he body from preventing transport of harmful agents to sensitive organs?

Answer 40

Blood brain barrier, placental, Blood testitis, oocyte.

Question 41

What two organs in the body are most porous and have large fenestrae?

Answer 41

Kidneys and Liver

Question 42

What about brain barrier is unlike the kidneys or liver?

Answer 42

Tight capillaries

Question 43

What are the steps for risk assessment?

Answer 43

1) Hazard Identification 2) Dose Response Assessment 3) Exposure Assessment 4) Risk Characterizations 5) Risk Management Decisions