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Vertebrate Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

phylogenetic/ evolutionary definition of vertebrates

A

1st organism w/ backbone + all descendants

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2
Q

So vertebrates comprise about 3% of all named species.

As small a number as that is, it is a gross overestimate. Why?

A

bigger - more practical to study; anthropomorphism; economics; individual ecology/ “ecosystem engineers”/ disproportionate ecological impact; humans are vertebrates

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3
Q

About 300 new species of vertebrates are described each year. But if
vertebrates are so conspicuous, how could entire species be around for
thousands of years without anyone noticing??

A

size, remote locations

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4
Q

Turtle Pres. 1: Using Molecular Markers to Detect Hybridization in Map turtles

A
  • Frederick Sanger = fluorescently tag nucleotides
  • Gel electrophoresis separates molecules of diff size
  • DNA evidence can be used to detect hybridization
  • overlap in range of false and common map turtles
  • Common = slow moving water
  • False = faster currents
  • cool temperatures - produce males, warm=females
  • Common females -> head gigantism
  • Questions focus on hybridization and impact
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5
Q

How do new species arise?

A

Anything that causes reproductive isolation between populations w/in a species

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6
Q

What does “operationality” refer to when discussing species concepts?

A

ways to put it into practice, useful, testable (as opposed to a philosophical def. that is not testable)

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7
Q

Operational Predictions of Evolution Species Concept

A

None - philosophical: -2/10

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8
Q

Op Predictions of Biological Species Concept

A

producing sexually viable offspring, (lions & tigers = one species) doesn’t cover asexual species, -1/10

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9
Q

Op Pred of Phylogenetic Spec. Concept

A

using character states and different versions (character states) -> looking for fixed differences

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10
Q

Op Pred of Concordance Spec. Concept

A

“unlinked” and “epistatic markers” that agree with each other
unlinked - need independent confirmation
epistasis-two genes that affect each other
(Agree = agreeing whether or not things are the same species or not)

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11
Q

Op Pred of Cohesion Spec. Concept

A
  • starts w/ nulll hypothesis (assume same species), see if there’s anything to disprove
  • test for gene flow, look for physical (geographic) barrier
  • must be genetically and demographically exchangeable (see slides)
  • A+
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12
Q

Why is this argument over species concepts important?

A

conservation (due to the legislation of conservation); big field + can lead to fame; biodiversity (we need to know when speciation happens)

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13
Q

Turtle Pres.2: Methods

A
  • using molecular markers to detect hybridization in map turtles
  • detect hybridization by looking at mitochondrial DNA
  • tissue samples
  • Isolated repeats of hybridization
  • MEGA to make tree
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14
Q

Figures important to history of classification

A

Aristotle-classifications - swam, walked, flew

Carolus Linnaeus - hierarchy, scientific names (important b/c they are unique), grouping based on morphology then

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15
Q

What underlying assumption is now incorporated into taxonomy, causing an
upheaval of this system?

A

-naming/ grouping based on phylogeny now

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16
Q

Why can it be said that ‘species’ is the only biologically meaningful
designation?

A

other classifications are more subjective, whereas ‘species’ has discreet criteria

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17
Q

When we account for patterns of descent, the Linnaeus’ methodology of
simply lumping similar looking organisms gets thrown out. Why then, are so
many taxonomic designations unchanged from his time?

A

morphology often reflects phylogeny

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18
Q

What evolutionary scenarios are most likely to cause an incongruency
between Linnaeus’ system and current taxonomy?

A

convergent evolution

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19
Q

Each frog genus contains ~15 species. Each bird genus contains <5
species. Why the disparity?

A

people have studied birds more, so smaller differences are more studied -> classified more specifically

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20
Q

classification

A

a very broad term which simply means putting things in

classes

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21
Q

Taxonomy

A

giving names to things

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22
Q

Phylogeny, also known as a cladogram.

A

the ``tree of life’’ - the hierarchical structure by which every life-
form is related to every other life-form.

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23
Q

Systematics

A

the process of trying to classify living things according to their
phylogeny.

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24
Q

phylogenetic systematics or cladistics.

A

The method of weighting certain “important” traits based on their
evolutionary history is called

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25
Turtle Presentation Part 3: Conclusions etc.
- one branch false map, one common map -some of the morphologically false map turtles ended up on the common map branch -Incomplete lineage sorting - descendants of diff species can have same thing -Bidirectional hybridization -linkage disequilibrium - none - freely mating, no linkage (hybrids can mate with non-hybrids, etc) IN CONCLUSION: -hybridization has occurred -no assortive mating -no selection against "genome mixing" -Dietary differences may be driving speciation
26
Willi Hennig declared that groups should only be identified on the basis of what?
derived characters
27
Apomorphy
a derived trait - a trait that I have, but my ancestor didn't (bipedalism in humans)
28
synapomophy
a shared, derived trait common ancestor has it, but it's ancestors don't derived homology (feathers for birds) only applies when there are multiple branches depends on makeup of group
29
Plesiomorphy
traits inherited unchanged from an ancestor
30
Symplesiomorphy
shared ancestral characteristic (cell nucleus for birds) depends on makeup of group useless from cladistics standpoint
31
Ultimately, we are trying to construct the tree that requires the least number of evolutionary transitions. Such a tree is referred to as
parsimonious
32
Name a mammalian synapomorphy within vertebrates. Name a | mammalian symplesiomorphy within vertebrates.
synap: jaws, hair, mammary glands symples: organs
33
Can a trait that two species share be neither a synapomorphy nor a symplesiomorphy?
yes - convergent evolution
34
If the ancestor went extinct long ago, how do we know whether it had a certain trait?
fossil record, other family members
35
Crown groups
refer to the extant organisms in your taxon and their most | recent common ancestor.
36
Stem groups
preceded the point at which the first member of the crown | group branched off.
37
outgroups
more distantly related species
38
If the cut-off for a genus is arbitrary, why might genus names need to be revised?
- everyone needs to be | - genus should be monophyletic
39
Why are genetic data more likely to give an accurate picture of ancestry than morphological data? Why are morphological data still used?
- genetics are more specific, aren't subject to convergent evol. - b/c morphological data has basis to it most of the time
40
Carnivora Camera Trapping Project
- teeth are often a distinguishing feature | - Technology - camera, uses heat
41
Explain to a non-scientist what the neural crest is. Why is it important for vertebrate animals?
-early development of the nervous tissue (in embryonic development) outside of CNS -(a group of embryonic cells that are pinched off during the formation of the neural tube (the precursor of the spinal cord). The cells of the neural crest migrate to numerous locations in the body and contribute to the formation of diverse structures, mostly associated with the nervous system.)
42
What is genome duplication? How do genome duplications allow for major evolutionary innovations?
mutations that can change in the path of evolution -> can work on make new functions, 2nd copy of DNA can mutate (since 1st copy is already doing its job)
43
Why are the lamprey (agnathans), ascidians (urochordates), and amphioxus (cephalochordates) important to study when exploring the evolutionary history of traits fundamental to vertebrates?
they are the closest relative - branched off around the right time
44
What is the best evidence to suggest that genome duplications allowed for the evolution of the neural crest?
non-vert characters have smaller genome than; fairly short window-> neural crest expanded really fast
45
What could explain differences in neural crest expression between Lampreys and gnathostomes?
- lampreys don't have nearly as advance neural crest - it's posible they lost it - maybe relationship isn't as important as expected
46
Saw Whet Owl Banding
- one of the most common owls in forested habitats -migrate due to food competition, migrate at night -females choose nesting site, frequently the nests of other birds -owlets are dependent for 6-8 weeks, fly immediately after leaving nest -individually numbered ID tags that don't interfere -Bird Bonding Lab for catalogue -population growth: ratio of banded to non-banded -
47
Saw Whet Owl Banding
- one of the most common owls in forested habitats - migrate due to food competition, migrate at night - females choose nesting site, frequently the nests of other birds - owlets are dependent for 6-8 weeks, fly immediately after leaving nest - individually numbered ID tags that don't interfere - Bird Bonding Lab for catalogue - population growth: ratio of banded to non-banded - age determined with blacklight - mist nets
48
Order these old to new: Ordovician, Devonian, Cambrian, Devonian
Cambrian (542 mya), Ordovician (488), Silurian (444), Devonian (359)
49
When did vertebrates first show up?
Around 540 mya, in the Cambrian.
50
Interestingly, animals appeared only about 600 mya. Why is that so interesting???
Narrow window for verts to evolve
51
So what was going on 540 million years ago?
- Most of the earth was covered in ocean. - Oxygen had recently become abundant in the atmosphere. - Pangaea wouldn’t form for another 250 million years. - ocean currents are opened or cut off as the continents shift, drastically changing water temps - shifting continents form land bridges - significant climate changes for a region
52
Epeiric seas
Shallow water covering continents - results from climate change cycles and continental movement.
53
Given the drastic climatic changes, why did continental drift not wipe out a bigger fraction of the vertebrates?
- very gradual - evolve or migrate | - (a lot have been wiped out)
54
Given the drastic climatic changes, why did continental drift not wipe out a bigger fraction of the vertebrates?
- very gradual - evolve or migrate | - (a lot have been wiped out)
55
Land bridges results in what two distinctly different types of impacts on the movement of vertebrates?
1) removal of barrier on land | 2) creating a barrier between marine environments
56
The draining of the Epeiric seas had what effect on Minnesota’s climate?
- became a lot drier | - temperatures are less moderated
57
Haikouichthys
first known vertebrate fossils (early Cambrian)
58
Oldest vertebrate groups
lampreys and hagfish
59
Hagfish and haikouichthys share:
cranium
60
conodonts
group of toothed, jawless vertebrates that appeared in the Cambrian
61
Jawless fish appeared to have radiated (diversified) in the late ______ period
Cambrian/ early Ordivician
62
Ostracoderms
jawless, armored fish were abundant in the Ordivician.
63
Agnatha
For instance, we know that hagfish, ostracoderms, and lampreys are all jawless vertebrates. -nonmonophyletic
64
gnathostomes
- showed up in the Ordivician. - jaws - gills co-opted to become jaws -> allowed broad diet-> led to evolution into predators-> evol of fins for movement, mates, etc
65
Garter Snake fluorescent tracking
- natty lands - common and plains - hibernate on steep sunny slopes - measuring mvmt. across/within species, difference according to sex or size, diff between hibernacula
66
Order on tree: | conodonts, lampreys, ostracoderms, hagfish, gnathostomes
hagfish, lampreys, conodonts, ostracoderms, gnathostomes
67
Hox genes
major body-plan genes that play a big role in development
68
evo-devo
evolution of development | -embryos look like they have gills
69
placoderms
1st gnathostomes probably the sister group to all other gnathostomes (where the first lineage started to branch off) -bony armor -Ordivician (fossils from Silurian though) -died in Devonian
70
When did all ostracoderms, and most other agnathans die out (Mass extinction)?
Devonian | -probably from low oxygen
71
How can the first gill arch be considered an exaptation (pre-adaptation) (when something shows up and later becomes an adaptation for a totally diff thing)?
it wasn't new, it was instead the use of an old strructure for a new thing
72
What potential problem exists in using modern hagfish and lampreys to infer the early ancestral state of vertebrates? How can this problem be overcome?
- there have been a lot of changes and species we don't know about - using fossil record helps though
73
Why is looking at the fossil record so important for studying relationships between genomic events and phenotypic complexity?
it shows a gradual change w/ steps (species) of change
74
Why is looking at the fossil record so important for studying relationships between genomic events and phenotypic complexity?
it shows a gradual change w/ steps (species) of change
75
What is the ENORMOUS problem with using the number of families or genera as an estimate of diversity within a taxonomic group?
arbitrary number of species in a family
76
Even if we ignore this problem, what bias might exist by quantifying diversity via the fossil record alone?
differences in how easily things fossilize -> harder to speciate

Vertebrate Biology (1 decks)

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