Exam 1 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
____ increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity; liquefy pulmonary secretions EX: Eucalyptus, thyme
A
Expectorant Herb
2
Q
What conditions are the tannin-containing herbs helpful in addressing?
A
Acute diarrhea
3
Q
What does carminative do in the digestive system
A
Relieve bloating and fullness
4
Q
What does csholagogue do in the digestive system
A
Promote bile production and emptying of the gallbladder
5
Q
What does a bitter do in the digestive system?
A
Stimulates gastric secretions
6
Q
Procyanidins are the active constituents in
A
Grape Seed
7
Q
What is a ‘declared content’ on a botanical label and why is it important and potentially toxic herbals?
A
Name of each ingredient and what it contains
8
Q
Uncaria tomentosa or guianesis =
A
Cat’s Claw
9
Q
Common preparation using alcohol or alcohol + water to produce extracts of a wide variety of herbs and herb combinations:
A
Tincture
10
Q
Especially useful for giving botanical medicines to children
A
Syrups
11
Q
Alcohol-free preparation that would be expected to contain only lipid-soluble components
A
Medicinal Oils
12
Q
Solution of a volatile substance in alcohol of alcohol + water
A
Medicinal Spirits
13
Q
Made from fresh plant parts and contain water-soluble components
A
Plant Juices
14
Q
Typical botanical extract can be expected to concentrate active substances from the dried herb by how much in terms of an herb-toextract-ratio?
A
5:1
15
Q
What is the volatile oil content of typical herbs that contain such oils?
A
1-2%
16
Q
T/F: Marked improvement in depressive symptoms can be expected to occur within one to two weeks of therapy with hypericum extracts
A
False
17
Q
T/F: Consumption of 2 liters per day of tea by healthy subjects for four days resulted in prolonged intestinal transit time
A
True
18
Q
Garlic/Onion =
A
allium cepa
19
Q
What is the relationship between alliin, allinase, and allicin in the pharmacokinetics of garlic?
A
Allinanase acts on alliin to produce allicin
20
Q
T/F: According to human research, garlic can reduce platelet aggregation after a few days of treatment
A
False
21
Q
What is the daily intake of allicin associated with successful lipid-lowering in most clinical studies using garlic powder?
A
6-10 mg
22
Q
What is the most likely mechanism for the effects of garlic on blood cholesterol?
Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut
A
Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
23
Q
According to the national institutes of health article, garlic has been found to interfere with the effectiveness of what type of drug?
A
HIV drug
24
Q
Which of the following, if any, is NOT a therapeutic effect of garlic demonstrated in at least some clinical studies:
- Inhibits progression of atherosclerosis
- Lowers blood triglycerides
- Lowers total blood cholesterol
- Lowers blood pressure
- All of the above are effects
- None of the above are effects
A
All of the above
25
Which two adverse effects should be monitored in patients taking garlic
Excessive bleeding tendency, hypotension
26
Which part of the Ginkgo biloba plant is used
Leaf only
27
Clinically-proven preparations are acetone-water extracts: St. John's wort, Ginkgo biloba, or BOTH?
Ginkgo biloba
28
Extracts contain phytochemical from the flavonoid family: St. John's wort, Ginkgo biloba or BOTH?
BOTH
29
Which constituent of ginkgo must be removed because it has been shown to incite allergic responses and other toxic reactions?
Ginkgolic acids
30
On which two families of constituents are medicinal ginkgo extracts standardized?
Flavonoid glycosides
31
T/F: Since no pharmacokinetic studies of ginkgo extracts have been done, the amount absorbed and bioavailable is unknown
False
32
Inhibits synaptic reuptake of neurotransmitters: St. John's wort or ginkgo biloba?
St. John's wort
33
```
Increases tolerance of brain tissue to hypoxia deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues):
Hypericum perforatum (St John's-wort) or Gingko biloba
```
ginkgo biloba
34
Affects brain waves evaluated by computer-analyzed EEG: st johns wort or ginkgo biloba
ginkgo biloba
35
Which of the following is the most accurate list of possible side effects of ginkgo biloba?
1. headache, itchy eyes, gastrointestinal issues, asthma, fatigue, and drowsiness
2. anxiety, difficulty urinating, dry mouth, headache, heart damage, high blood pressure, irregular heart rhythms
3. headache, nausea, gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, dizziness, or allergic skin reactions
4. breath and body odor, heartburn, upset stomach, and allergic reactions
Answer #3 (headache, nausea, GI upset, diarrhea, dizziness, allergic skin reactions)
36
Large amounts of dangerous toxin are found in which ginkgo preparation?
Roasted seed
37
T/F: While ginkgo has been demonstrated to have value in the treatment of dementia, it has never been found helpful for improving cognitive function in non-demented subjects
False
38
T/F: The traditional use of ginkgo biloba is based on medicinal use in Asia, not in Europe
True
39
Clinically-proven preparations are 35-67:1 concentrates St. John's word, Ginkgo biloba or BOTH?
Ginkgo biloba
40
T/F: Lower cost and fewer adverse effects are two distinct advantages or either ginkgo or hypericum extracts over pharmaceutical medicines typically prescribed for dementia or depression, respectively.
True
41
Latin name for Oat =
Avena Sativa
42
T/F: Wheat bran having coarse particles will be less effective for shortening intestinal transit time than wheat bran having smaller particles
False
43
Allergic reactions to milk thistle are more common among people allergic to all of the following except one. Which one?
```
ragweed
chrysanthemum
marigold
Wheat
daisy
```
Wheat
44
What is the most likely mechanism for the effects of guar gum on blood cholesterol?
Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut
Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut
45
Latin name for red yeast rice =
Monascus purpureus
46
What is the most likely mechanism for the effects of red yeast rice on blood cholesterol?
Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut
Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
47
Which family of active constituents associated with red yeast rice?:
Monacolins
alpha-bisabolol
apigenin
monacolins
48
```
Which adverse effects should be monitored in patients taking red yeast rice?:
Elevated liver enzymes
Muscle pain
Excessive bleeding tendency
Hypotension
Hypertension
Tenderness
Weakness
```
elevated liver enzymes, muscle pain, tenderness, weakness
49
Matricaria recutita Is latin for _____
pineapple
evening primrose
German chamomile
German chamomile
50
Which part of the plant is used for chamomile?
Flowers
51
Name the active constituent: chamomile (Matricaria recutita) - exerts anxiety-reducing effects:
apigenin
helenalin
tannins
Apigenin
52
_______ from Germany has shown positive results in the treatment of several types of skin disorders, including decubitus ulcers
Chamomile
53
Symphytum officinale Is latin for _____
German chamomile
comfrey
witch hazel
comfrey
54
Which specific part is used from comfrey?
leaves, roots
55
Comfrey products should have declared content of what potentially-toxic constituent?
unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids
56
Melaleuca alternifolia Is latin for _____
evening primrose
tea tree oil
pineapple
Tea tree oil
57
Name the active constituent: Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia):
(+)-terpinen-4-ol
apigenin
gamma-linolenic acid
(+)-terpinen-4-ol
58
Hamamelis virginiana Is latin for _____
witch hazel
comfrey
German chamomile
witch hazel
59
Name the active constituent: Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana):
tannins
alpha-bisabolol
apigenin
tannins
60
Which specific part is used from witch hazel?
leaves, twigs, bark
61
_________ has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention hemorrhoidal disease
witch hazel
62
_________ has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention for cutaneous fungal infections
tea tree oil
63
Latin name for aloe vera =
barbadensis mill
64
__ has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention of Psoriasis and genital herpes
aloe vera
65
What is the mechanism of action: Aloe latex
Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Osmotic laxative
Bulk forming laxative
Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
66
Which preparation of aloe vera is suitable for topical treatment of skin conditions?
Gel
67
What herbs were formerly FDA - approved over the counter laxatives, but have since been disapproved due to modern efficacy and safety research?
Cascara and Aloe
68
Oenotherae biennis Is latin for _____
witch hazel
evening primrose
German chamomile
evening primrose
69
Which specific part is used from Evening primrose?
seed oil
70
Name the active constituent: Evening primrose oil (Oenotherae biennis )
gamma-linolenic acid
(+)-terpinen-4-ol
apigenin
gamma-linolenic
71
______ has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention for atopic eczema
evening primrose oil
72
Ananas comosus Is latin for _____
comfrey
pineapple
witch hazel
pineapple
73
What herbals are most known for potentiating anticoagulant medications?
Bromelain
74
promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention of post-operative or post-traumatic swelling, especially of the nose and paranasal sinuses
Bromelain
75
Which botanical medicine may potentiate (increase power) the effects of anticoagulant and platelet-inhibiting medications?
Bromelain
76
Which botanical agent may increase the potency of certain antibiotics?
Bromelain
77
An anti-inflammatory product called Phlogenzym (marketed in North America as Wobenzym PS) contains several ingredients, one of which is
Bromelain
78
Which specific part is used from Arnica?
Flower
79
Which botanical is used both topically as an extract in tinctures, ointments, and oils as well as orally in homeopathic dilutions?
Arnica
80
Name the active constituent: Arnica
helenalin
tannins
amma-linolenic acid
helenalin
81
T/F: Research on the pain-relieving efficacy of willow bark (salicis cort) proves that virtually all of the effect is due to the salicylate content of the herb
False
82
Which one of the following herbs is NOT used as a source of essential oils in cough remedies and expectorants?
1. Eucalyptus
2. Pine
3. Butterbur
4. Thyme
Butterbur
83
People are more likely to experience allergic reactions to butterbur if they are allergic to which of the following groups of plants?
1. Mountain cedar, maple, elm
2. Ryegrass, timothy, blue, and orchard grasses
3. Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies
4. Pigweed/tumbleweed, Russian thistle and green molly
Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies
84
hich plant part(s) of petasites hybridus (butterbur) was first used for an extract called Ze 339, developed to treat allergic rhinitis?
Leaf
85
Which two of the following botanicals can contain potentially toxic pyrrolidines?
1. Plantain
2. Butterbur
3. Coltsfoot
4. Mallow
Butterbur
86
What is the active constituent of Peppermint (Mentha × piperita)?
Menthol
87
Best herb for IBS
peppermint oil
88
A combination of peppermint oil and which other essential oil has been shown effective for treating functional dyspepsia (pain, bloating, etc)?
Caraway
89
T/F: In the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, peppermint (Mentha × piperita) oil given in delayed-release (enteric-coated) formulations has more clinical evidence than conventional formulations, and may be less likely to cause side effects of nausea, heartburn, and abdominal discomfort.
True
90
iridoid glycosides are the proposed active constituent or licensed standardized extract for which botanical?
Devils claw
91
______ is the latin binomial name for Devil's claw
Petasites hybridus
Harpagophytum procumbens
Tanacetum perthenium
Harpagophytum procumbens
92
What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine?
Devil's claw
tuber
93
______ is the latin binomial name for Feverfew
Petasites hybridus
Harpagophytum procumbens
Tanacetum perthenium
Tanacetum perthenium
94
What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine? Feverfew
leaf
95
Persons allergic to members of the daisy family should be cautious consuming which TWO herbs?
Feverfew and butterbur
96
According to the German Commission E monograph, all of the following uses for ginseng except one are recommended. Which one is not recommended in the monograph?
1. For declining capacity for work and concentration
2. For fatigue and debility
3. To improve mood
4. As an aid to convalescence
To improve mood
97
The German Commission E determined that ginkgo extracts were indicated for all of the following except
1. intermittent claudication
2. prevention of stroke
3. vertigo or tinnitus, if due to vascular or involutional etiology
4. cognitive deficits due to organic brain disease
prevention of stroke
98
Indicate all of the correct statements below regarding the German Commission E:
1. The Commission E was appointed by a government agency to review phytotherapeutic agents for efficacy and safety
2. Commission E monographs only review single herbs and preparations made from them
3. The Commission E continues to gather and review monographs today - - The Commission E monographs are only available in German language editions
4. All are correct
5. None are correct
1.
99
All of the following except one are good arguments in favor of stricter regulation of botanical medicines?. Which one is not a good argument?
1. Interactions between herbs and drugs
2. Excessive prices for commercial herbal products
3. Adulteration of some preparations with drugs - Lack of routine reporting of adverse events
4. Lack of standardization among herbal preparations
2. excessive prices
100
What are the key arguments AGAINST increasing regulation of botanical medicines in the United States?
difficult to reach the proof for medical efficacy
101
What is an enteric coated capsule? In what ways can they be helpful and at what point should they be used in relation to a meal?:
1. Allow for controlled or delayed release of active ingredients
2. Improves ease of swallowing
3. Extends shelf life
4. Masks any unpleasant tastes of active ingredients
5. Taken at least one hour before a meal
6. Coating protects the medicinal core
7. All of the above
All of the above
102
When should enteric-coated tablets or capsules be taken?
At least 1 hour before a meal
103
Which one of the following is not a difference between the US and European countries such as Germany regarding the status of herbal medicines?
1. The U.S. has always led the way worldwide in the development and testing of botanical medicine products
2. Herbal medicines are subjected to more regulation in European countries such as Germany.
3. Herbal products are regulated as dietary supplements in the US.
4. Herbal medicines have higher stature in medical education and clinical practice in European countries such as Germany.
1.
104
According to the German Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products, modern research on the efficacy of ginkgo biloba should assess all but one of the following categories of outcomes in patients with dementia. Which category is not a required outcome to assess?
1. Activities of daily living, social behavior, care needs
2. Global assessment of the patient by the physician
3. Psychometric assessment of cognitive abilities
4. Subjective self-assessment of patient's mood state
Subjective self-assessment of patient's mood state
105
The European Union relies on which agency to update critical information about phytomedicines?
European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy
106
Which one of the following is not a difference between the US and European countries such as Germany regarding the status of herbal medicines?:
1. The U.S. has always led the way worldwide in the development and testing of botanical medicine products
2. Herbal medicines are subjected to more regulation in European countries such as Germany.
3. Herbal products are regulated as dietary supplements in the US.
4. Herbal medicines have higher stature in medical education and clinical practice in European countries such as Germany.
1. The U.S. has always led the way worldwide in the development and testing of botanical medicine products
107
What is the relationship between alliin, alliinase, and allicin in the pharmacokinetics of garlic?
Allianase acts on alliin to produce allicin
108
What does it mean for an herbal to "potentiate" a pharmaceutical medication? What precautions need to be taken in cases like this?
The herb increases the power or effect of the medication
| Contraindications should be noted; taken with care
109
Which of the following, if any, is not one of the factors that can affect the content of active constituents of medicinal herbs:
1. Cultivation
2. Climate
3. Soil quality
4. Plant genetics
5. All of the above are factors
all of the above
110
```
water POURED boiling over herb and covered, STEEPED 10 minutes, then strain
(taken off the heat):
Decoction
Maceration
Infusion
```
infusion
111
COVERED with water, boiled, SIMMER 10 minutes, strained
(left on the heat)
used for harder plant materials like roots, seeds and bark:
Decoction
Maceration
Infusion
decoction
112
covered with room temperature water, stands 6 hours, strained
Decoction
Maceration
Infusion
maceration
113
What is standardization about and what are its main purposes?
Standardization guarantees the content of one or more active constituents and marker compounds
114
T/F: Standardization of botanical preparations is simply a process of adjusting chemistry to produce the desired content.
False
115
T/F: The authors of our text present data showing that the placebo effect does not account for much of the therapeutic effect of treating disorders such as widespread pain, insomnia, gastric symptoms, and depression.
False
116
When a study reports only the change in outcome within each group, this is called a __________ comparison, and is a common error that may fail to detect a __________.
before and after comparison,
| placebo effect.
117
which garlic preparation is used in used in most clinical trials
garlic powder
118
which garlic preparation is used in used in steam distillation product subject to enzymatic and thermal breakdown of active constituents
garlic oil
119
which garlic preparation is used in fermentation product subject to degradation of active constituents
Aged garlic
