Exam 1 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
Greek writer of “The History of the Persian Wars”
A
Herodotus
2
Q
Herodotus used this word. means history
A
“Historion”
3
Q
Explain what “historion” meant to Herodotus.
A
inquiry, investigation, or questioning
4
Q
evidence that comes from that time period
A
primary source
5
Q
evidence that comes from someone or something else (not from that time period)
A
secondary source
6
Q
Give examples of primary sources.
A
Moodle readings, documentaries, monuments
7
Q
Give examples of secondary sources
A
Textbook, professor, history accounts
8
Q
When reading a primary source, what questions do you ask in level one?
A
Who wrote it? When was it written? What type of document is it? Main storyline?
9
Q
When reading a primary source, what questions do you ask in level two?
A
Intended audience? Why was it written? Assumptions made in the source?
10
Q
When reading a primary source, what questions do you ask in level three?
A
Is this document reliable and/or accurate? What can I learn about the society/person who created this document? How does it relate to its context?
11
Q
Greek word meaning between the rivers
A
Mesopotamia
12
Q
What was a frequent problem in Mesopotamia?
A
Flooding and very little rainfall
13
Q
What are the 2 major rivers that poured down from northern mountains to vast dry plain, surrounding Mesopotamia
A
Euphrates and Tigris
14
Q
shallow, slow-moving river
A
Euphrates
15
Q
river that ran fast through a deep channel that made its waters difficult to tap for use in irrigation.
A
Tigris
16
Q
The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.
A
irrigation
17
Q
Among the many achievements of the ancient Sumerians was the invention of ______________.
A
writings
18
Q
had to develop methods of river control and irrigation
A
Sumerians
19
Q
The creators of the first Mesopotamian civilization; The name of the first culture in the world to develop cities.
A
Sumerians
20
Q
“Semitic people” north of the Sumerian city-states; established the world’s first empire
A
Akkadians
21
Q
Who is the leader of the Akkadians?
A
Sargon the Great
22
Q
great military men who conquered a part of Mesopotamia; polytheistic
A
Assyrians
23
Q
Semitic-speaking people who exploited the use of iron weapons to establish an empire
A
assyrians
24
Q
conquered Southern part of Mesopotamia and built giant walled cities
A
Babylonians
25
they were conquered by the Persians, destroyed the first temple
babylonians
26
center of city; huge multilevel temple associated with a palace; made from mud brick
ziggurat
27
This ancient narrative describes its hero's superhuman efforts to subdue the Earth, and it reflects on the costs as well as the benefits of such behavior.
Epic of Gilgamesh
28
powerful Sumerian king who goes too far; after gods kill Enkidu, he starts to question everything and wants to find immortality
Gilgamesh
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gods send him to kill Gilgamesh, but they become friends; gods kill him by poisoning
Enkidu
30
means wedge-shaped; A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.
cuneiform
31
Family of related languages that include Hebrew, Arabic and Aramaic.
Semitic
32
The result of an upheaval was the spread of what scholars call the _________________ family of languages from Ireland across Europe to Asia Minor, Iran, and India.
Indo-European
33
a compendium of earlier laws rather than an innovation
Law Code of Hammurabi
34
Famous blue-colored gate with gold pictures on it from Babylon
Ishtar Gate
35
Where was the first written language found?
Mesopotamia
36
What makes it hard to live in Mesopotamia?
spontaneous flooding, doesn't rain a lot, and competition
37
What did the people in Mesopotamia come up with in order to make up for it not raining a lot there?
irrigation
38
Why did the Sumerians start writing?
accounting of food
39
What are the 4 Mesopotamian civilizations?
Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, and Babylonians
40
What are the 2 main Western language groups?
Semitic and Indo-European
41
What 3 civilizations are a part of the Semitic language group?
Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian
42
What language group are the Sumerians apart of?
it is not a part of either Semitic nor Indo-European
43
What is the Stele of Naram-Sin?
a statue portraying an Akkadian king's victory over the Lullubi Mountain people
44
Hammurabi was the King of ___________________.
Babylonia
45
Who did the Law Code of Hammurabi mainly apply to?
the wealthy class
46
Egyptian civilization is centered around what?
Nile river
47
The Nile flows from the __________ to the _____________.
south to north
48
How was the Nile's flood cycle (predictable or non predictable)?
highly predictable flood cycle
49
What did Egyptians think of floods?
the were "life giving" to them
50
Was it easy to conquer places in Egypt? Why or why not?
No; they lived in impassible deserts
51
What are the 3 eras of Ancient Egyptian history?
Old, Middle, and New
52
This was the first Egyptian civilization
Old Kingdom, 3000-2200 BC
53
Old Kingdom was centered at ___________ Egypt and _____________ was its capitol.
Lower Egypt; Memphis
54
Pyramids were built during which era of Ancient Egyptian history?
Old Kingdom
55
What was the center of Egyptian life, transportation highway, and communication link?
Nile
56
claimed to be earthly embodiments of the gods; seen as speaking the will of the gods, keeper of the Nile, and controlled Egypt
Pharaoh
57
After the pharaoh's earthly body was laid to rest, the people would prepare their bodies through mummification. Why?
So the pharaoh could start his journey to join the other gods
58
A process of embalming and drying corpses to prevent them from decaying
mummification
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tombs of the god-kings; pharaohs were buried here
pyramid
60
Were pyramids built by slaves or by free labor?
free labor
61
Egyptians created this type of written language using pictograms.
hieroglyphs
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Egyptians used this writing surface for hieroglyphs
papyrus
63
What were the pyramids built out of?
limestone
64
Limestone was quarried from ___________ Egypt which is in the ___________.
Upper Egypt; south
65
Earliest pyramid that we have; it is called a step pyramid
Pyramid of King Djoser
66
Who conquered Egypt, looted the pyramids, and found Rosetta Stone?
Napoleon
67
Historians used this inscription that has 3 scripts (hieroglyphs, later Egyptian writing, and ancient Greek) to decipher hieroglyphs thus allowing us to read other Egyptian writing
Rosetta Stone
68
Unlike the Old Kingdom, the ____________ Kingdom expanded its lands southward and began to trade with neighboring lands
Middle Kingdom, 2040-1785 BC
69
What are some theories as to why the Middle kingdom crumbled?
Hiksos (settled in area nearby), new technology for farming in warfare that disrupted their society
70
Middle Kingdom was centered in ___________ Egypt, and ___________ was its capitol.
Upper; Thebes
71
Pharaohs in the Middle Kingdom associated themselves with what god?
Sun god of Thebes
72
Where were the tombs of the Middle Kingdom carved?
Carved into rock on the outskirts of Thebes
73
Began with the unification of the Nile River valley and also centered in Thebes in Upper Egypt
New Kingdom, 1550-1085 BC
74
female pharaoh who is buried in a complex that is a tomb and temple combined
Hatshepsut
75
What is an Egyptian symbol of immense power?
Artificial beard
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Pharaoh who reigned near the end of the new kingdom and was a part of the Battle of Kadesh against the Hittites
Ramses II
77
The Temple of Ramses II was carved into living rock and is guarded by what?
4 massive statues of himself
78
The capitol city that was the center of the Middle and New Kingdoms.
Thebes
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The isolation and limited contact that characterized the previous periods of unification gave way to what 3 things in the new kingdom?
Trade, warfare, and diplomacy
80
There was a flourish of trade, wealth, and slaves in which kingdom?
New
81
In the new kingdom, there were no pyramids built, but Egyptians built tombs where?
Valley of the Kings (Thebes)
82
Where did Egyptians build huge, richly decorated temples in the New Kingdom?
Karnak and Luxor
83
A pharaoh who established the worship in a new god in an attempt to counter the growing power of a priest
Akhenaten/Amenhotep
84
"New" god who was depicted as the disk of the sun who was closely associated to the pharaoh and his family
Aten
85
In addition to closing many of the temples, Akhenaten established a new capitol city called ____________ halfway b/t Memphis and Thebes. He built many temples and artwork emphasizing Aten and the pharaoh's family
Amarna Altar panel
86
Akhenaten's wife who is pictured in a famous bust
Nefertiti
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The worship of Aten was seen as monotheism, but was actually ___________ and only lasted during Akhenaten's reign
monolatry
88
Akhenaten's young successor who moved the capitol back to Thebes and reestablished the worship of the traditional gods
Tutankhamun
89
What is so special about King Tut's tomb?
the only one found intact and not looted by thieves
90
King Tut's tomb was filled with jewelry, chariots, gold, and other expensive things, but the most important was his giant stone sarcophagus which contained an inner coffin made of ________ ________ inside a gold leaf covered coffin which was inside of a wood and plaster coffin.
solid gold
91
Who discovered and opened up King Tut's tomb?
Howard Carter
92
the worship of one god w/out necessarily denying the existence of other gods
monolatry
93
belief in one and only one god
monotheism
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Why is papyrus better than cuneiform tablets?
Papyrus is easier to write on and carry
95
Which kingdom conquered neighboring lands?
New
96
What did Akhenaten change his name to?
Amerhotep IV
97
small group of Semitic people; monotheism emerges in this group of people
Hebrews
98
The name given to the People of God, later known as the Israelites, Israel, or the Jews.
Hebrews
99
earliest biblical text found in 7th century BCE
Silver scrolls
100
Hebrew and Aramaic texts; included Jewish biblical texts
Dead Sea scrolls
101
conquered Israel; gives proof of the people in Israel
Stele of Pharaoh Merneptah
102
main patriarch of Hebrews from Mesopotamia
Abraham
103
Yahweh tells him to take his family elsewhere to Canaan, so he can follow him and his rules
Abraham
104
a binding agreement or contract
covenant
105
YHWH; Hebrews' one specific God\
Yahweh
106
Moses frees slaves from Egypt to go back to the promise land
Exodus
107
What does Yahweh give Moses?
10 commandments
108
conquest of Jerusalem was by the Hebrew King, ___________
David
109
David's son who built the Temple to Yahweh
Solomon
110
used to be Canaanite city; center of Judaism and the House of God
Jerusalem
111
Solomon built this temple with no statue of God
Temple to Yahweh
112
Jerusalem was divided into what 2 kingdoms?
Israel and Judah
113
What was the North kingdom of Jerusalem?
Kingdom if Israel
114
What was the South kingdom of Jerusalem?
Kingdom of Judah
115
Who came and conquered the kingdom of Israel?
Assyrians
116
Who came and conquered the kingdom of Judah?
Babylonians
117
the period during the sixth century when the Judeans were banished and their temple was destroyed
Babylonian exile
118
Why is Gilgamesh ashamed of the way he is dying?
He is ashamed b/c if you do not die in battle then you die a shameful death
119
What is the setting of the Epic of Gilgamesh?
Mesopotamia
120
Who was Tiglathpileser I?
Assyrian king
121
What type of document was the Inscription of Tiglathpileser I?
Inscription put on the wall
122
Who was the intended audience?
For public to see in pictures b/c many people could not read; or the people who he conquered
123
What is the main story line of the Inscription of Tiglathpileser I?
He expanded his empire b/c the gods told him to, when a rebellion arose, he crushed them
124
Why was the Inscription of Tiglathpileser I written?
To intimidate the people that he has already conquered and others to not rebel against him
125
What are some assumptions that we can make about the Inscription of Tiglathpileser I?
He believed everything he did was b/c the gods told him to; Assyria was a land of warfare
