Exam 1 Flashcards

(67 cards)

1
Q

examples of ________

  • peer-reviewed, journal articles
  • edited book chapters
  • research monographs by government or foundation
  • books– are good to cite when the authors are reputable or experts in the field
A

scholarships

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2
Q

___________: Scholars emphasize the importance of publishing research (1) to inform researchers and practitioners of their
findings, (2) to establish their credentials as a researcher through a track record of research, and (3) to increase
chances of funding. Yet, publishing is often difficult given the competing obligations of faculty members.1

A

Definition of scholarship, what it is and why it is important

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3
Q

___________ refers to the process of having one’s scholarship evaluated by qualified (i.e., experts
in the field) and impartial peers to determine if the work merits publication.

A

Peer review/refereeing

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4
Q

_______ _____ _____ means the reviewers do not know whose works they are reviewing.

A

Blind peer review

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5
Q

_________
Mission: Disseminate scholarly findings
Submission: Open to anyone with expertise related to the journal’s
aims and scopes
Review: Blind peer review and editorial review
Target audience: Researchers, practitioners, educators, policy makers

A

Scholarly journals

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6
Q

Mission: Entertainment or personal learning
_________
Submission: Limited to magazine writers and some external contributors
Review: Editorial review
Target audience: Lay audience

A

Magazine

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7
Q

_____ ______ indicates the frequency of citations of an average article in a particular journal in a certain time
period.2 Generally, a journal’s _____ _____ is calculated as follows:
Total # of citations in a year (e.g., 2013) in the journal
# of citable items published in the journal in the prior 2 years (e.g., 2011 & 2012)
• _____ _____ is often considered a more “objective” method of evaluating a journal’s value/prestige.

A

Impact factor

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8
Q

________
o Purpose of the study
o Review of literature that sets up the study.
o Research question(s) and/or hypotheses
o Should justify the importance of the study by answering the following questions: (1) “so what?” and
“why is this study important?” and (2) “what contributions this study is making to literature or theory?”

A

Introduction

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9
Q

__________– Enough information should be provided so someone else could replicate the study.

A

Procedures

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10
Q

______ ______ – Describe the participants in the study (e.g., age, ethnicity, gender).

A

Sample characteristics

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11
Q

_________ – How were the variables measured?
Ex: giving someone a survey, asking siblings about the participants behavior, calling, how many times the person can do something during a set of time, etc.

A

Measuresments

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12
Q

What analyses were conducted and what were the ______.

In other words, what did the researcher find at the end of their experiment.

A

Results

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13
Q

_________
o Restate the purpose of the study
o Brief summary of important results.
o Discuss the important findings: Why did the study find these results? Similar to past research? Does
theory support the results? If different than previous studies, why?

A

Discussion

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14
Q

____ _____ _______– How can results be used by practitioners, educators, policy makers, and/or
therapists?

A

Implications for practice

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15
Q

________ what are the current problems with the study?

A

Limitations

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16
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
What point(s) does the author want to leave with the reader?
A

Conclusion

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17
Q

_______ _______
Generally, the 1st author makes the most contribution, followed by the 2nd author, and so on.
• There are some exceptions (e.g., “anchor authorship” – where a principal investigator takes last authorship
while more junior authors (e.g., students, more junior faculty) take a higher position in authorship.
-Decide on order of authorship ahead of time.
- Being a research assistant does not guarantee authorship on an article.
- Designate tasks for each author (with time lines for completion of each part).

A

ESTABLISHING AUTHORSHIP

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18
Q

_____ _____
-Ensure the accuracy of all information in the manuscript.
- Do not send a manuscript to more than one journal at a time.
- Do not publish the same study in more than one outlet.
- Note: One research project can produce multiple publications because there may be numerous variables,
several possible research questions, and different ways of examining the data.

A

BEING ETHICAL

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19
Q

_______ _____

  • Ensure the accuracy of all information in the manuscript.
  • Do not send a manuscript to more than one journal at a time.
  • Do not publish the same study in more than one outlet.

Note: One research project can produce multiple publications because there may be numerous variables,
several possible research questions, and different ways of examining the data.

A

BEING ETHICAL

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20
Q

_________
Stealing someone’s ideas, works (e.g., images, designs), and/or words (i.e., literary theft) and presenting them
as your own.
• To use other people’s ideas, works, or words without giving proper credit to those persons.
• To take credit for an original idea when it is someone else’s idea.

A

Plagiarism

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21
Q

______ ______ occurs when a person deliberately engages in plagiarism.

Ex: copy and paste from an article and use it as your own without giving someone credit.

A

Intentional plagiarism

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22
Q

________ ______ occurs when a person does not understand what constitutes plagiarism, and/or the
person has a lack of knowledge on how to properly paraphrase, quote, or give credit.

Possible reasons for _______ ________:
o Not knowing how to paraphrase and/or cite sources correctly.
o Not understanding that plagiarism includes stealing ideas.
o Cultural differences regarding plagiarism.
o Difficulty distinguishing whether information is common knowledge and/or public domain.
o Misperception that non-copyrighted material is public domain. Online information is often perceived to
be public domain, but often the information has been plagiarized by others and posted online.
o Careless note taking (e.g., you paste in a quote intending to come back later and rewrite in your own
words, but you forget).

A

Unintentional plagiarism

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23
Q

T or F

Unintentional plagiarism is not an excuse

A

True

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24
Q

_____ _____ _____ ______– There are natural phenomena in the real world that exist independently of
human perceptions.

A

Assumption of objective reality

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25
________ _______ – Events occurring in nature are orderly and lawful (i.e., natural events are caused by other natural events). • There are patterns or regularities in these natural phenomena. • These patterns can be observed through the use of scientific procedure
Assumption of determinism
26
______ ____ ____ ____– Any event occurring in nature is causally related to a finite/limited number of other natural events.
Assumption of limited causality
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______ – a model of how ideas relate to each other; a conceptual framework that guides research.
Paradigm
28
______– a set of interrelated constructs/paradigms and propositions that specify relations among variables with the purpose of explaining and predicting a particular phenomenon. • ____ are general principles that summarize what we know about a particular set of relationships.
Theory
29
______– Researchers reproduce a study’s findings by following the same or similar procedures. • Even though _____ is important, _____ studies are lacking in social sciences. 22 • Insightful article on ______
Replication
30
_______ ______ occurs when the same empirical finding is produced in many different studies
Empirical generalization
31
_______ means conditions are arranged so that personal or subjective elements enter into the research as little as possible.
Objectivity
32
``` _____ _____ (pure research) has no immediate application at the time it is completed. It is the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake. ``` Basic scientific investigation seeks new knowledge about phenomena, hoping to establish general principles with which to explain them. Goal: to produce new knowledge (e.g., discovery of relationships) and have the capacity to predict outcomes under various conditions.
Basic research
33
______ _____ has an immediate application. In other words, it is research that is conducted so that the knowledge obtained can be utilized or applied by policy makers, sponsors, or practitioners. _______ ______ seeks to understand a social problem and to provide practitioners and/or policy makers well-grounded guides to action. • The goal is to gain necessary knowledge that can be immediately useful to practitioners and/or policymakers who seek to eliminate or alleviate a social problem.
Applied research
34
_______ ______ – The systematic study of programmatic development and outcomes. - ______ ______ seeks to assess outcomes of the treatment applied to a problem (e.g., drug abuse treatment) or the outcome of some type of program (e.g., parent education class). -The goal is to provide an accurate assessment of the effectiveness of the treatment program in relation to a social problem.
Evaluation research
35
______ ______ – Collaborative, self-reflective inquiry by a group of people interested in finding practical solutions to social issues. • Seeks to address social issues impacting people’s lives through cycles of planning, action, observation, and reflection. • The goal is to address social issues of mutual concern by engaging in a participatory, democratic process with all interested parties (e.g., practitioners, clients, lay people, community leaders).
Action research
36
_______ _____is based on non-numerical examination and analysis of observations, interviews, or written materials.
Qualitative research
37
_______ _____ is based on numerical measurement and analyses.
Quantitative research
38
_______ ______ -Develops theory -seeks pattern from in depth-description -More inductive reasoning (observation -> pattern -> tentative hypothesis -> theory) -More subjective measurement -Reports narrative and individual interpretation -researcher is part of the process -small sample size -research questions
Qualitative Research
39
______ _______ relates events that have occurred in the past to one another or to current events. Examples - Examining the history of marijuana laws in the United States. - Examining the evolution of attitudes toward homosexuality in the media. - Examining housing market trends or spending habits over time
Historical research
40
_______ ______ generates ideas about, and insights into, a relatively little- understood issue. • The result is the generation of more precise research questions or testable hypotheses, or to find if a more rigorous study would be feasible. Example – exploring romantic/marital relationships between humans and anime characters or robots.
Exploratory research
41
_____ ____refers to observations or assessments that are made on the same subjects more than once so that naturally occurring changes can be detected. With two or more observations of the same individuals, changes in their scores can be calculated Ex: measuring the same children throughout their lifespan from childhood until they are 15 yrs old. (Only has to be the same person, doesn’t matter if they are different ages)
Longitudinal design
42
____ ____ are repeated observations or measures that are taken of the same group of individuals (i.e., panel) across time.
Panel studies
43
Examples of ______ ____ o Measuring mental health outcomes each year in a panel of Vietnam War veterans. o _____ ____ of income dynamics has gathered data on economic, health, and social behavior from the same 8000 USA families since 1968. o Body mass index and disability in adulthood: A 20-year panel study
Panel study
44
_______________ – Data are collected only once on subjects of different ages (instead of tracking the same subjects across different ages such as in longitudinal research). -The assumption is that collecting data from different age groups can still demonstrate whether or not there are differences between ages on the variable of interest OR if age is related to the variable of interest.
Cross-sectional designs
45
Examples of _____________ o Measuring whether academic motivation is related to GPA for 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th graders. o Assessing girls’ current eating and exercise in relation to their current body image.
Cross-sectional-design
46
Examples of ___________ Advantages o Reduces amount of time and expense o Collect a large amount of data quickly o Don’t have to keep track of participants in the study Disadvantages o Can’t track changes in the participants over time o Subjects chosen may not be representative of the whole population
Cross-sectional-design
47
_______ ______ – A combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. Data are collected from large groups at one point in time and from some of the subjects at different points in time. Example – Measuring whether 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th graders differ in academic motivation, and also measuring academic motivation at 9th grade to see if it relates to GPA at the end of the 12th grade.
Sequential designs
48
_______ ______– Examines how two or more variables are related to one another. ______ _____ also examines how well a specific outcome might be predicted by one or more pieces of data. ``` Examples of ______ ______- -The relationship between seat belt use and fatalities. - The relationship between self-esteem and depressive symptoms. -The relationship between environmental comfort and work satisfaction. ``` *it establishes associations, but not casual relations.*
Correlational research
49
_________________ (“post hoc” or “after the fact”) is when participants are assigned to groups based on some characteristic or quality that the participants bring to the study.
Causal-comparative research
50
_________________ is also known as (“post hoc” or “after the fact”)
Causal-comparative research
51
Examples - Comparing single, cohabiting, married, and divorced people on life expectancy. - Assessing differences between men and women on listening skills. - Comparing smokers to non-smokers on risk of lung cancer.
Examples of Causal-comparative research
52
_______ ______ – The study of specific human cultures (e.g., societies, organizations, small groups) through fieldwork and direct observation.
Ethnographic research
53
the study of: | Ex: societies, organizations, small groups are all example of _______.
Ethnographic research
54
_______, simply stated, is the study of people in their own environment through the use of methods such as participant observation and face-to-face interviewing.
Ethnography
55
___________: studies broadly-defined cultural groups. - Examples – Aborigines in Australia, Eskimos
Macro-ethnography
56
_______ studies narrowly-defined cultural groups. - Examples – Sudanese refugees in refugee camps in Kenya, members of the United States Congress
Micro-ethnography
57
_____ ______– An insider or native’s perspective of a given culture; typically, the primary focus.
Emic perspective
58
_____ ______ – An outsider or non-member’s interpretation of a given culture
Etic perspective
59
``` _____ _______ – A study in which the investigator manipulates, applies, or introduces the independent variable (or treatment) and observes its effect on the dependent (outcome) variable. ```
Experimental research
60
________ ________ (X) refer to the type of treatment, program, or intervention that is manipulated/provided by the researcher. Subscripts are often used to denote different levels of treatment. • Example: Weight training group (X1) versus cardiovascular training group (X2)
Treatments or programs
61
_____ ______refers to the group(s) that does not receive the treatment/program. • Various notations are used to denote control groups (e.g., ~X, X-, X0), while other times no notation is used to denote a control group
Control (comparison) group
62
______ _____ ____ occurs when a researcher | selects two or more groups that seem similar.
Nonequivalent group assignment (N)
63
______ _____ (R)
Random assignment
64
______ ___ _____ is another pragmatic way to make assignments to groups based on sequence of arrival or some characteristic. Some examples follow: -First 30 people that sign up for the program get the treatment, the rest are out.
Assignment by cutoff (C)
65
______ _________ Lack an appropriate control group and lack random assignment
Pre-Experimental Designs
66
________ ________ _____ Lack random assignment. When to use: • It is often not possible to randomly select people, places, or things. • There are times when random selection into the control and experimental groups are not ethical and/or legal. Example – Denying parenting education to parents who are potentially abusing their children – the potential harm to children may outweigh the knowledge gained from the experimental design
Quasi-Experimental (Causal-Comparative Or Compromise) Designs
67
Group 1: treatment (X1) -> posttest (O1) ``` Example Parent education (X1) -> Parenting skills (O1) ``` -just a treatment and a posttest
One-shot case study design