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Biopsychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

the soul, mind, or spirit is distinct from body or brain. Spirit and brain control our thoughts and actions.
proposed by Rene Descartes

A

Dualism

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2
Q

Dualism

A

the soul, mind, or spirit is distinct from body or brain.
Spirit and brain control our thoughts and actions.
proposed by Rene Descartes

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3
Q

Reductionism

A

only the body and the brain control thoughts and actions.
Thomas Hobbes
Consciousness is a by-product of the brain’s activity - no soul or “mind”. (At least for lower class citizens of england)

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4
Q

only the body and the brain control thoughts and actions.
Thomas Hobbes
Consciousness is a by-product of the brain’s activity - no soul or “mind”. (At least for lower class citizens of england)

A

Reductionism

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5
Q

Main contributions of evolutionary theory to biopsychology

A

Human brains are not qualitatively different from other animals.
By studying brain function and behavior in animals, we can better understand human behavior.

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6
Q

receive messages from other neurons

receives info in terms of changes in the extracellular environment or neurotransmitters

A

Dendrites

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7
Q

organizes input from dendrites and “decides” whether the neuron should send a “message” to other neurons (integrates information), contains nucleus/genetic material

A

Cell body/Soma

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8
Q

carries electrical messages known as action potentials or messages to terminal buttons

A

Axon

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9
Q

____ insulates axons; if disrupted, messages will not be carried correctly

A

Myelin

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10
Q

releases neurotransmitters that tell other neurons or muscles what to do
translateselectricsal signals into neurotransmitter release

A

Terminal Buttons

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11
Q

Cells in nervous system that protect and care for neurons.

A

Glial Cells

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12
Q

insulate axons in peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann cells

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13
Q

insulate neurons in the central nervous system

A

Oligodendrocytes:

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14
Q

bring nutrients to brain neurons, remove waste, and insulate synapses

A

Astrocytes

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15
Q

assist in healing from brain injury

A

Microglia

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16
Q

Walls of blood vessels in brain lack pores between cells, Restricts entry of toxic substances into the brain.

A

blood brain barrier

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17
Q

provides cell with energy

A

Mitochondria

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18
Q

literally tubes within cells that transport proteins or packages of proteins over long distances (in neurons they are usually found in axons).

A

Microtubles

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19
Q

basically the “trash can” of the cell; involved in removal of waste from the cell.

A

Lysosomes

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20
Q

fluid within the cell; contains many enzymes that can activate or breakdown other proteins

A

Cytoplasm

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21
Q

involved in the synthesis and transport of new proteins, contains ribosomes

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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22
Q

Small organelles that are responsible for synthesizing new proteins.

A

Ribosomes

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23
Q

associated with lipid manufacture and metabolism and steroid hormone production. It also has a detoxification function.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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24
Q

Chromosomes are composed of ______

A

Genes. Approximately 23,000

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25
Genes are composed of _____
DNA
26
What is DNA?
It is mainly composed of four nucleic acids or bases: cytosine - guanine, adenine – thymine
27
creating an RNA copy of the DNA sequence of a given gene
Gene transcription
28
How is DNA transcribed to RNA?
Double helix unwinds when a gene needs to be turned into a protein.
29
How is RNA translated into a protein?
1. The RNA is edited into messenger RNA (mRNA) 2. The ribosome translates the mRNA into a protein. (does this 3 nucleic acids or one codon at a time) 3. Individual codons specify what individual amino acid should be used to make the proteins.
30
a large strand of amino acids that can provide structure to a cell or perform functions for the cell by acting as enzymes.
Protein
31
What is a deletion
Deletion of DNA from the sequence
32
What is an insertion
Insertions of DNA into the sequence
33
What is a SNP
-Substitution- in DNA (e.g., C changed to G) within the sequence of DNA single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) or point mutation.
34
Every person has two copies of each gene (except on the sex chromosome). Each copy is called a _______
an allele
35
If present among the two copies (allele), then it gets expressed.
Dominant Allele
36
only gets expressed if both copies(alleles) of are present.
Recessive allele
37
How is the SNP related to nicotine dependence relate to ethnicity?
Found in ~40% of people of European and Middle Eastern origin (see 4, 5, 6). Uncommon in people of African or Native American origin (see 2 and 1). African Americans have lower prevalence of nicotine dependence than European Americans.
38
What SNP has a been implicated in nicotine dependence
The "G" form SNP of the nicotine receptor gene is associated with a nicotine receptor protein that is more sensitive to nicotine. The "A" form SNP of the nicotine receptor gene is associated with a higher likelihood of nicotine dependence. >Having both “A” SNPs (or alleles) increases smoking risk especially in the absence of peers who smoke.
39
3 reasons why resting membrane potential is negative
Ions maintain concentration gradients, sodium-potassium pumps, most proteins are anions
40
A voltage-gated ion channel is one that opens or closes depending on:
Membrane potential
41
Scientists have determined that the shape of the hippocampus, a brain region critical to learning and memory, is altered in people with schizophrenia. What type of technique is used to analyze the shape or structure of specific brain regions?
MRI
42
steps that occur during an action potential.
1. Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) sum to increase membrane potential 2. Threshold of excitement is met 3. Sodium (Na+) channels open and Na+ enters the neuron 4. Potassium (K+) channels open and K+ leaves the neuron. Sodium (Na+) channels begin to close 5. Potassium (K+) continues to exit the neuron/. 6. Potassium (K+) channels close on the neuron
43
Rene Descartes is often described as a dualist. This means that:
he thought that our behavioral and mental life were determined by a soul and the brain.
44
If one compares animal brains to human brains, one can state that:
most mammalian brains have all of the same brain regions that are found in humans.
45
The glial cell that is responsible for wrapping neurons in the body and brain with myelin is called:
Microglia or Schwann cell
46
Identify the correct sequence of events and processes required to create a protein.
DNA unwinds and is transcribed into messenger RNA. The messenger RNA is translated into a protein by the ribosomes.
47
Gene on chromosome 4 codes for a protein known as ____ | mutation in single gene
huntington's disease
48
What are the two main parts of a gene?
a regulatory region and a coding region.
49
controls gene expression in a gene
regulatory region
50
contains DNA sequences that is transcribed into RNA (in a gene)
coding region
51
bind to regulatory region and control the rate of gene expression. turn genes on and off.
transcription factor
52
control of gene expression by chemical tags that bind to single genes
epigenetic
53
How does adding a methyl group to cytosine decrease gene expression?
Blocks ability of transcription factors to bind to regulatory region.
54
Childhood adversity and nicotine dependence
``` CA also increases methylation of nicotine receptor regulatory region. (can be passed on to offspring) Childhood adversity (CA) increases likelihood of nicotine dependence. ```
55
One reason why the resting membrane potential is NOT more negative.
Electrostatic gradients: ions seek areas of opposite charges. K+ is attracted to the negative charges inside of the cell.
56
Describe the 3 different types of Ion Channels:
Protein-gated ion channel: protein called a kinase adds a phosphate molecule to ion channel to open it. Chemically-gated ion channels: neurotransmitter or another chemical binds to channel to open it. Voltage-gated ion channel: channel opens when a specific membrane potential is achieved (Na+ channels on axons during APs).
57
Phrenology Vs. Equipotence
PHRENOLOGY: Specific mental functions are regulated by specific brain regions. The size of these brain regions can be detected by examining skull shape. EQUIPOTENCE: Each mental function requires multiple brain regions.
58
sequencing, inhibition, speech, movement
Frontal lobe (Cerebral cortex)
59
visual/spatial abilities and bodily sensations | Anterior parietal cortex contains primary somatosensory cortex.
Parietal lobe (Cerebral Cortex)
60
visual information | Contains primary visual cortex
Occipital lobe (Cerebral cortex)
61
recognition of objects and places, hearing | Contains primary auditory cortex
Temporal Lobe (Cerebral Cortex)
62
3 areas of the limbic system
hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate
63
encoding of new information
hippocampus
64
activation of fear and aversive memory
Amygdala
65
recognizes cognitive or emotional conflicts
Cingulate
66
regulates execution of movement and habits
Caudate nucleus and putamen (IN BASAL GANGLIA)
67
becomes active during states of pleasure
Nucleus accumbens (NA) (IN BASAL GANGLIA)
68
acts as a relay between sensory input and the cortex
thalamus
69
regulates feeding, fighting, fleeing, and sex. | Four F's
hypothalamus
70
proteins known as ____ bind to regulatory region and control the rate of gene expression.
transcription factor

Biopsychology (5 decks)

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